THE NORTH CAUCASUS ECOLOGICAL HERALD
certificate of registration of the media PI № FS77-21756 dated August 30, 2005
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Theoretical journal
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2020, Vol. 17, № 1
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Founded in 2005
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Gets out four times per year
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C O N T E N T S
UDC 631.4
CAPILLARY EFFECT AND WATER CAPACITY OF POLYDISPERSE POROUS SYSTEMS
Smagin A. V.
doctor of biological science, professor, Lonomosov Moscow State University, (Russia), 119992, Moscow, GSP-2, Leninskye gory; Institute of Forest Science the Russian Academy of Sciences, (Russia), 143030, Moscow region. Sovetskaya 21, p/o Uspenskoe; Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, (Russia), 117198, Moscow Miklukho-Maklaya str., 6,
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The paper discusses the capillary effect in polydisperse porous systems of soils and sediments. Its quantitative assessment is based on a physicallybased model of capillary rise, depending on the parameters of the dispersivity of soil particles, the soil bulk density and the density of its solid phase, wettability and the amount of strongly bounded water. In contrast to the wellknown Jurin's law, the model takes in-to account polydispersity and variation in pore size under the influence of the soil bulk density. The model adequately predicts the height of capillary rise both in artificial monodisperse porous systems (granulometric fractions) and in real soils with particles of different sizes from 0.006 to 1 mm. The hydrophobizing effect of humate solutions on the kinetics and the limiting height of capillary rise was investigated. The results obtained can be used to calculate the effect of capillarity in soils and intelligent soil design with capillary barriers. An alternative to Voronin's empirical method, a new physically based approach to determining the field capacity of soils and sediments from the water retention curves using the maximum capillary rise height was developed. Verification of the new methodology on a representative database of Eurasian soils of different genesis and dispersion has shown its advantage for coarsetextured soils, where Voronin's empirical method gives a stable underestimation of the water capacity values. The secant curve for the field capacity is represented by a simple equation connecting the limiting capillary pressure (Рс, [kPa]) and soil water content (W,[%]): Рс=1,5W1,5.
Key words: soils and sediments, capillarity, kinetics and limiting height of capillary rise, dispersivity (specific surface area), particle size distribution, soil bulk density, water retention curves, field capacity.
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UDC 631.41
EVALUATION OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF SOILS OF THE TRANS-URALS REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN UNDER DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT
Ilbulova G. R.
Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher; Institute of Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan Sibay branch, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay, Kutuzova str., 1;
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Suyundukov Y. T.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Director; Institute of Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan Sibay branch, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay, Kutuzova str., 1;
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Safin K. M.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan; Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Kirova str., 15;
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Khasanova R. F.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher; Institute of Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay Branch, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay, Kutuzova str., 1;
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Semyonova I. N.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher; Institute of Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay Branch, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay, Kutuzova str., 1;
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Suyundukova M. B.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Senior Researcher; Institute of Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay Branch, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay, Kutuzova str., 1;
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The study of the enzymatic activity of the soils of the Trans-Ural region of the Republic of Bashkortostan under different systems of its processing was carried out. On the example of the SEC "Krasnaya Bashkiria" of the Abzelilovsky district, the influence of 10-year application of direct seeding technology on the biological activity of soils in comparison with traditional land cultivation is shown. The use of No-till technology has led to increased urease activity, as an indicator of self-purification ability of soil chemical and bacterial pollution; increase the activity of acid and neutral phosphatase, and invertase and dehydrogenase.
Key words: enzymatic activity, No-till technology, soil treatment technologies.
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UDC 631.45 546.47/49
MIGRATION OF Cd AND Zn IN THE SYSTEM OF SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL – SOIL SOLUTION – BARLEY
Anisimov V. S.
candidate of biological sciences. Russia, Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Kievskoye sh., 109 km,
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Anisimova L. N.
candidate of biological sciences Russia, Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Kievskoye sh., 109 km,
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Kruylenkin D. V.
Russia, Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Kievskoye sh., 109 km,
Frigidov R. A.
Russia, Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Kievskoye sh., 109 km,
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Saruhanov A. V.
Russia, Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Kievskoye sh., 109 km,
Sanzharov A. I.
candidate of biological sciences. Russia, Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Kievskoye sh., 109 km
Korneev Y. N.
Russia, Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Kievskoye sh., 109 km,
Dikarev D. V.
Russia, Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Kievskoye sh., 109 km
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In the complex vegetation experiment, the indicators that determine the mobility of Zn and Cd in the soil under combined contamination were established – the content of mobile and the sum of mobile and specifically related to organic matter fractions of Zn and Cd. The following dynamics were studied: the transition of HM to the soil solution, to various parts of plants, and changes in plant biomass. The parameters of the equations approximating the corresponding processes are determined. For all variants of the experiment, a significant increase in the content of Zn and Cd in the roots of barley (in contrast to the aboveground parts of plants) was observed with age. A significant decrease in the concentration of cadmium in the roots was also found with an increase in the amount (dose) of zinc introduced at a constant concentration of the element in the aboveground parts.
Key words: zinc, cadmium, soil solution, mobility, root absorption, barley.
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UDC 631.84
IMPACT OF FERTILIZERS APPLIED IN DIFFERENT TERMS ON GRAPE YIELDS OF “MOLDOVA” AND “MADRASA” VARIETIES
Gasimov N. M.
Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking of the Ministry of Agriculture of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan Republic
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The influence of different terms of application of mineral fertilizers for vineyards of various varieties Moldova and Madras was studied. The effectiveness of mineral fertilizers used in normal N
60P
60K
90 has been established; N
90P
120K
140 and N
120P
160K
180 against the background (20 tons/ha of manure + 40 kg/ha MgSO4) depending on the timing of their application. It was found that options where the annual norm of mineral fertilizers was introduced in 4 terms are more effective. Thus, the increase in the harvest of the Moldova variety in the N
90P
120K
140 + Background variant with 4 terms of introduction amounted to 126.8 % from the control; from the background – 51,9 %, and depending on the timing of the introduction, 6.5 %, and the increase of Madras grade, respectively, 46,1 c/ha or 87,6 %, to the background 28,9 c/ha or 41,4 %, and in relation to the timing of the application, 6,3 c/ha or 6.8 %.
Key words: grape yield, fertilizer application time, mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizers, trace elements.
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UDC 63.631. 41
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE APPLICATION MINERAL FERTILIZER
Teuchezh A. A.
associate professor, candidate of biological sciences, Kuban state agrarian university named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar, Kalinina street, 13,
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The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using various mineral fertilizers. Mineral fertilizers as a source of various nutrients for plants and soil properties, first of all nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and then calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron. All these elements belong to the group of macronutrients, since they are absorbed by plants in significant quantities. Plants use mineral nutrients in different proportions to form their organs – stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and tubers. All mineral elements are involved in complex transformations of organic substances formed during photosynthesis. Soils usually contain all the necessary nutrients for the plant. But often the individual elements are not enough for the satisfactory growth of plants. The lack of elements is filled with various fertilizers. Mineral fertilizers have not only advantages, but also disadvantages. They are an inevitable consequence of intensive farming, in particular crop production. The effect of mineral fertilizers on atmospheric air and water is mainly due to their nitrogen forms. Nitrogen of mineral fertilizers enters the air either in free form or in the form of volatile compounds. According to modern concepts, the gaseous losses of nitrogen from nitrogen fertilizers are from 10 to 50 % of its application. An effective means of reducing nitrogen gas losses is their scientifically based application. To prevent the negative impact of mineral fertilizers on the environment and on the human and animal bodies, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules for the production, transportation, storage and use of fertilizers. To solve environmental problems and reduce the negative impact on the environment, enterprises should develop a program of measures and constantly monitor the environment, depending on the direction of the organization's activities. An example of measures to reduce the environmental hazard of the agro-industrial complex can be the introduction of high-tech equipment at all stages of production, minimization of the use of mineral fertilizers and landscaping of adjacent territories.
Key words: mineral fertilizers, maximum permissible concentrations, gross forms, mobile forms, heavy metals, concentrations.
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UDC 550.7
GEOBOTANICAL INDICATION OF TIN DEPOSITS IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST SOUTH
Ivashov P. V.
doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor, Honoured Scientist of the Russian Federation; Senior Researcher; Institute of Water and Ecological Problems FEB RAS; Russia, Khabarovsk, Kim Yu Chen str., 65,
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. khb.ru
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Geobotanical indication of ore deposits has great prospects in the search for ore deposits and in assessing the degree of heavy metal contamination, especially in mining areas. The disadvantage of bioindication, which consists in the difficulty of interpreting the results, is the availability and cheapness of the method. Specialized experimental and methodological studies of phytocenoses in the vast territories of the Russian Far East were carried out to develop scientific foundations and specific practical techniques for applying the geobotanical indication method in areas of known tin ore deposits with accompanying elements. We evaluated the biocenological, morphological and phenological characteristics of plants distributed in tin ore deposits in the South of the Russian Far East. Several plant species have been identified as indicators of tin occurrence, and specific morphological and phenological deviations in plant development have been described. The article substantiates the possibility of using the identified geobotanical indicators in the practice of searching for tin ores, as well as their application to assess the ecological state in the mining regions of the Far East of Russia.
Key words: geobotanical indication, biocenological, morphological and phenological indicators, tin ore deposits, South of the Russian Far East.
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UDC 579.695; 546.85; 502.55; 661.63
THE GROWTH OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER AM1 IN THE PRESENCE OF AROMATIC DITHIOPHOSPHONATE AND PHOSPHINE. ORIGIN OF THE STRAIN
Mindubaev A. Z.
Institute of Power Engineering and Advanced Technologies, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan,
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Babynin E. V.
Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, 420008, Kazan, University St., 18.
Akosah Y. A.
Institute of Power Engineering and Advanced Technologies, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan
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Previous studies have shown that the Aspergillus fungi, which detoxify elemental phosphorus, are capable of degrading a whole spectrum of phosphorus compounds. A significant amount of data has been collected on the metabolism of different classes of compounds. Evidently, the metabolism of the studied strain involves utilizing uncommon sources of phosphorus, including those with rare oxidation states. In this article, we describe the continuation of this study. It was observed thatA.niger AM1 lacks the ability to utilize aromatic dithiophosphonate and oligomeric aromatic phosphine as sources of phosphorus and other biogenic elements. Additionally, the phylogenetic relationship of A. niger AM1 with other A. niger strains from the NCBI databasecapable of biodegradation was studied. It turned out that the closest relatives of the A. nigerAM1 were strains from China that are proficient inextracting phosphates from minerals.
Key words: detoxication, phosphorus compounds, Aspergillus niger, phylogenetic tree.
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UDC 55.
CONCERVATION OF THE ANIMAL IN DONG NAI BIOSPHERE RESERVE IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM
Nguyen V. T.
Ph. D., Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Center, Vietnam, Ho Chi Min,
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Оkolelova A. A.
Volgograd Technical University, Russia, Volgograd,
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Dinh V. A. T.
Master Volgograd Technical University, Russia, 400005 Volgograd, st. Lenin, 28, а
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One of the most pressing problems of our time is the preservation of biological diversity. The Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve is included in the list of UNESCO World Biosphere Reserves, it became the eighth in Vietnam and the 580th territory in the world with this status. The Reserve includes intact tropical forests, forest areas of varying degrees of degradation, and agricultural land removed from intensive economic turnover. Observations and data collection were carried out by the route method in the daytime and at night using various improvised means that allow the identification of animals. Bird observations were carried out at a strictly defined time. 418 species of animals are included in the Red Book of Vietnam. Of these, the Reserve is home to 95 species of animals (22.7 % of the country's rare species), including 35 species of mammals, 22 species of birds, 21 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians, 6 species of fish and 8 species of insects. Many species of animals were first described in recent years on the territory of the Reserve.
Key words: Biosphere Reserve, Dong Nai, Vietnam, biodiversity, wildlife, Red Book.
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UDC 581.4;581.5
VITALITY OF ALPINE SNOWFLOW (GALANTHUS ALPINUS SOSN., AMARYLLIDACEAE) POPULATIONS IN THE LOW MOUNTAINS OF THE NORTHWESTERN CAUCASUS
Akatova (Zagurnaya) Yu. S.
FSBI “Caucasian State Natural Biosphere Reserve named after H. G. Shaposhnikov", Russia, Republic of Adygea, Maykop, st. Sovetskaya, 187, 385000,
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Abazova A. I.
Non-state nature conservation center "NABU-Caucasus", Russia, Republic of Adygea, Maykop, st. Hakurate, 161, 385006,
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Alpine snowdrop Galanthus alpinus Sosn. – rare forest species, early spring ephemeroid, endemic to the Caucasus. It is included in many lists of protected plants. The article presents data on the current state of 12 natural coenopopulations of Galanthus alpinus Sosn. in the low mountains of the North-West Caucasus under different conditions of growth and anthropogenic impact. Typical multidirectional fluctuations of the vital structure are observed. The smallest values of morphometric parameters and vitality. plants were observed in isolated Canopus publications, and the highest in unfragmented communities near the lowlands of North-West Caucasus (300–400 m above sea level. M.). Annual open generative affects a part of the population of the region, leads to a reduction in the size of the perianth in them, but not to the disappearance of species from communities, but some of the investigated populations are depressed. The morphometric parameters of the studied species in the North-Western Caucasus correspond on average to those for the cenopopulations of Transcaucasia.
Key words: alpine snowdrop, vital structure, morphometric indicators, forest communities, Western Caucasus.
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UDC 504.423(262.54)
DYNAMICS OF HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE AZOV SEA NEAR THE COAST OF THE KERCH PENINSULA AND IT’S INFLUENCE ON THE STATE OF HYDROBIONTS
Zelenskaya O. V.
candidate of biological sciences, Kuban State Agrarian University named after A. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar, st. Kalinin, 13.
Korolenko S. V.
Master student, Kuban State Agrarian University named after A. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar, st. Kalinin, 13.
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The article presents the results of instrumental researches of hydrological and hydrochemical parameters of the Azov Sea environment in the summer seasons of 2018 and 2020 years near the northern coast of the Kerch Peninsula and in the northern part of the Kerch Strait. The obtained values compared with similar parameters for the last hundred years according to the literature data. The visual changes of the ecosystem were analyzed. Limited factors for local hydrobionts and dynamics of some hydrological indicators were determined. It was organized five marine control points in the northern part of the Kerch Peninsula. The salinity of sea water in the surface layer averaged 14.51 ‰, in the bottom layer – 14.54 ‰. The temperature indicators of sea water were closed to their long-term averages. The content of dissolved oxygen was within or below the normal value, which causes hypoxia and negatively affected on the state of hydrobionts in the sea bottom level. At eight control points in the northern part of the Kerch Strait, the average salinity was 15.87 ‰, the average pH was 8.17, and the average dissolved oxygen level in the surface layer was 7.40 mg/l, with 145 % oxygen supersaturation of water samples. The average BOD5 in the water area was 1.34 mg/l. The excess of the MPC by 2.3 times for this parameter was noted near the parking a lot of small pleasure boats, which is associated with increased anthropogenic load. The results show that increase of salinity level of seawater leads to the change of aquatic organism species composition.
Key words: hydrology, hydrochemistry, salinity, hydrobionts, hypoxia, fish kill phenomena, Azov Sea, Kerch Strait.
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UDC 504.75
ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FORMATION OF BIG CITIES
Kamitova A. S
student, Volzhskiy Polytechnic Institute (branch), Volgograd State Technical University, Russia, Volzhskiy,
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Medvedeva L. N.
Doctor of Economics, professor, Volzhskiy Polytechnic Institute (branch), Volgograd State Technical University, Russia, Volzhskiy,
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Urban ecosystems of large cities create a great burden on the environment and tense socio-economic relations, so the study of the ecological specifics of each city is of great importance for predicting the future. The article deals with the main environmental problems of large cities. The factors influencing the state of the ecological situation, as well as the consequences of their impact on urban life, are presented. The main ways of solving environmental problems and aspects of creating a healthy environment for humans are outlined. Solutions for greening cities and creating urban landscapes are proposed. The greatest attention is paid to the problem of greening the city of Volgograd, shortcomings in the formation of green spaces are noted, the use of lawn matrices by Piet Oudolf is proposed. The species composition of the main lawn set for certain urban microstructures is given.
Key words: environment, big city, ecological situation, urban landscaping, landscape matrices.
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UDC 635-1
AGE-TECH AND AGROTECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR CREATING AN EXPERIMENTAL PLANT FOR PRODUCING VEGETABLES AND GREENS UNDER PANDEMIC INSULATION
Medvedev A. V.
researcher head of the economic research laboratory , The All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture, Russia, Volgograd, 9 Timiryazev street, а
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The article provides information on a new trend in the development of the global economy - the digital technology segment for the elderly Age-Tech. It has been shown that the period of isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the elderly, especially in cities, have a strong need to communicate with nature, to satisfy rationalization ideas. The proposed experimental plant for growing vegetables at home (indoors in small areas), designed by scientists from the VNIIOZ FGBNU together with students of the Volga Polytechnic Institute (branch) of VolgSTU, partly allows you to satisfy these aspirations, in addition, to have fresh vegetables to provide a healthy diet. A tutorial on the development of an experimental plant for the cultivation of vegetables is presented, the effect of illumination from different types of LEDs (red spectrum 630–660 and 660–730 nm; blue spectrum 400–425 nm; ultraviolet radiation in the range 380–400 nm) on growth, formation of green mass, yield is shown tomatoes and cucumbers. White LEDs with a temperature of 3000–4500 K were used as the main light source. In 2021, the study will continue, the selection of varieties and hybrids of plants for cultivation at home will be carried out, the installation for irrigation and feeding of plants will be automated, the optimal level of power supply of the installation has been calculated, changes have been made to the computer program for processing data on temperature, humidity, and the growth rate of green masses, etc. It has been proved that at home, elderly people can design mini greenhouses by themselves, get a harvest of fresh vegetables in them, subject to a certain mode of lighting, watering, feeding.
Key words: Age-Tech, pandemic, experimental setup, accessories and illumination of mini greenhouses, vegetable crops of closed ground, illumination, LEDs.
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A BRIEF NOTE ON THE PUBLICATION OF THE ARTICLE "JUSTIFICATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING NATURAL BRINES AS A HERBICIDE" IN THE MATERIALS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ECOLOGICAL CONFERENCE "AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES, THEIR SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT FEATURES" (March 24-26, 2020, Krasnodar)
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OUR LOSSES
Dzybov Dzhantemir Sosrenovich (1935-2020)
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