THE NORTH CAUCASUS ECOLOGICAL HERALD
Extract from the Register of the Mass Media PI No. FS 77-82390 dated December 8, 2021
| Scientific and Theoretical Journal |
2022, Vol. 18, № 1
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Founded in 2005
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Published quarterly
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C O N T E N T S
UDC 631.417.2:532.507
A NEW MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION AND GAS EXCHANGE IN SOIL
Griguletskiy V. G.
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar,
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A new approximate digital model of biogeocenosis and gas exchange during the formation of soil organic matter has been developed. The new mathematical model is based on the results of the experiments of Academician P. A. Kostychev (when studying the decomposition of various plants in the soil) and the experiments of Prof. A. V. Smagin (when studying gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere) during the formation of soil organic matter; it is assumed that the decomposition of organic substances in the soil occurs under the influence of bacteria, fungi and as a result of the chemical inter-action of parts of decomposing plants and organic compounds of the soil proper; it is assumed that the amount of organic matter accumulated in the soil (and their gain) increases in proportion to the value of soil organic matter, which does not reach the limit (maximum) value, and the amount of already formed soil organic matter, above a certain initial (minimum) value. The experiments of Academician P. A. Kostychev established that “the limit of accumulation of organic matter in the soil is determined not by how much organic matter grows annually, but by the fact that the formed organic substances are placed in the soil so that only a small part of them can decompose”, this main condition for the formation of soil organic matter is taken into account in the new mathematical model to describe the process using an evolutionary equation like the wellknown P. F. Verhulst’s equation used in mathematical biology. In the article, for the first time, simple approximate analytical formulas are obtained that allow finding the rate of decomposition and the amount of soil organic matter for certain (specific) hydrometeorological conditions, landscape, and plant type. Examples of the application of a new method for describing the results of the experiments of Academician P. A. Kostychev during the decomposition of grass (example 1) and birch foliage (example 2) were considered; predicted calculated values of the mass and amount of carbonic acid were obtained, which differ from the actual data by no more than 9.1%.
Key words: biogeocenosis, gas exchange, soil, plant decomposition, organic matter, mathematical model, experiments, decomposition constant, mass of organic matter, gas concentration in the chamber.
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UDR 631.4
THE INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON THE HYDROPHOBIC PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SOILS
Potapov D. I.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Soil Science, postgraduate student, Russia, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1,
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A technique has been developed that allows determining the hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties of soils of different humidity by the area of the spot remaining on the soil after absorbing a drop of a solution containing fluorescein. When determining the hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties of zonal soils of the Russian Plain, dependences of the growth of soil hydrophilicity with an increase in their humidity were obtained. It is shown that the movement of water when it is absorbed into the soil occurs due to a combination of two processes: the absorption of water into the aggregates and its movement along their surface in the form of a film. It was found that in sodpodzolic soil with a humidity of 15–25 %, the process of movement of water films on the surface of soil aggregates dominates, and water practically does not enter into the aggregates. Such a nature of the interaction of aggregates with water can be associated with a higher hydrophilicity of the surface of aggregates compared to their volume.
Key words: soil hydrophobicity, the spot method, interaction of soil aggregates with water.
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УДК 631.51:631.452
RESEARCH OF SOIL TREATMENT SYSTEMS WITH THE PURPOSE OF INCREASING SOIL FERTILITY
Chaika T. A.
candidate of economic sciences; Senior Researcher; Poltava Branch of the Academy of Sciences of Technological Cybernetics of Ukraine; Ukraine, Poltava,
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The peculiarities of the main tillage methods (ploughing, minimum and zero) are considered, considering the national and world’s experience. The advantages and disadvantages of each tillage method, which enable to evaluate their significance for agricultural producers, are identified. The criteria of the evaluation of tillage systems on the basis of sustainable development according to agronomical, economic, social and ecological directions are suggested. The necessity of introduction of tillage methods is proved, as their use allows to increase the productivity of agricultural machinery and the resources involved, to reduce the incurred costs and ecological impact on the environment as well as will provide a longterm development of agricultural production.
Key words: tillage systems, organic farming, soil fertility, agricultural lands, natural environment.
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UDC 631.894.595
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS FERTILIZER SYSTEMS WHEN USED FOR THE PLANNED CROP YIELD OF FIELD CROP ROTATION
Novikov M. N.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Leading Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Siderates of the Department of Biologization of Agriculture of VNIIOU, All-Russian Research Institute of Organic Fertilizers and Peat – branch of the Verkhnevolzhsky FANTS, Vyatkino village, Sudogodsky district, Vladimir Region, Russian Federation,
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Studies on the agrobiological and economic assessment of the traditional organomineral and biologized fertilizer systems on the planned crop yield of the 7-field grain-grass-row crop rotation revealed the priority effect of the biologized fertilizer system on the biological activity of soils, the equivalent effect on soil fertility and crop formation, the increase in the payback of food elements and the economic efficiency of fertilizers.
Key words: field crop rotation, fertilizer systems, planned crop, soil fertility, biological activity of the soil, crop yields, economic efficiency.
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UDC 633.367
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPROVING PROPERTIES OF THE ANNUAL LUPINE IN THE CULTIVATION OF EASTERN GOAT ON LIGHT SOILS OF THE NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE
Barinov V. N.
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, art. sci. sotr., All-Russian Research Institute of Organic Fertilizers and Peat - a branch of the Verkhnevolzhsky FANC, Russia, Vladimir region. Sudogodsky district, Vyatkino village
Novikov M. N.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, leading scientist. Associate Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Siderates of the Department of Biologization of Agriculture of VNIIOU, All-Russian Research Institute of Organic Fertilizers and Peat - branch of the Verkhnevolzhsky FANTS, Vyatkino village, Sudogodsky district, Vladimir region, Russia,
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Lukashevich M. I.
Deputy Director for Science, V. R. Williams Federal Research Center for Fodder Production and Agroecology, All-Russian Lupin Research Institute, Russia, Bryansk village. Michurinsky
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On sodpodzolic sandy loam soils, studies have established the positive role of narrowleaved lupine as a cover and environment improving crop for sustainable development and the formation of the harvest of the eastern galega (Galega orientalis) over a long (12 years) period of its economic use. Comparison of growing the eastern galega with cover crops and without them over 12 years shows that the yield of the eastern galega rose by 55 centner/ha (33 %), the yield of feed units grew by 10 centner/ha (32 %), the yield of crude protein – 2 centner /ha (28 %). The conditional annual net income of the eastern galega owning to the cover crop of the narrow-leaved lupine reached annually an average of 8,000 rubles/ha.
Key words: narrowleaved lupine, eastern galega, biological fertilizing, crop productivity, crop quality, economic efficiency.
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UDC 579.695; 546.85; 502.55; 661.63
HOW POISON BECOMES FERTILIZER: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PROJECT
Mindubaev A. Z.
candidate of chemical sciences, Institute of Power Engineering and Advanced Technologies, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan.
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; mindubaev–
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Babynin E. V.
cand. biol. sciences, associate professor, Tatar Research Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science – Subdivision of the Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences”Tatar NIIAHP FITC KazNC RAS, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan,
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Minzanova S. T.
candidate of technical sciences, associate professor, Senior Researcher, Budgetary-Funded Institution of Science A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry of Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan,
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For white phosphorus, biodegradation was unknown until recently. Almost thirteen years ago, our team set out to answer the question: can microorganisms neutralize such a toxic and aggressive substance? And it turned out that not just can, but when white phosphorus aqueous emulsion is introduced into sterile culture medium, the black aspergill mold fungus begins to grow! It could only come up in the medium from white phosphorus, i.e. the substance itself turned out to be contaminated with spores of this fungus! But that is not all. The nutrient medium contained all the substances necessary for microorganisms, except for the source of phosphorus. Without phosphorus, growth of the microbiota is impossible. The only source of nutrient element in the medium was white phosphorus. That is, the very growth of fungi in such a medium indicates the conversion of white phosphorus, which in all reference books is defined as a biocide, into the phosphate necessary for them! We manage to grow fungi in a medium containing 1 % white phosphorus by mass, as well as a number of organic and inorganic compounds of this element. This corresponds to exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of white phosphorus in wastewater five thousand times, and in drinking water a hundred million times! One has to wonder once again at the adaptive capacity of the microorganisms. The project started in 2009 with a clean slate, and in 2020 it was included in the register of the Skolkovo Innovation Center.
Key words: Biodegradation, toxic phosphorus compounds, elemental phosphorus, environmental protection, Aspergillus niger.
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UDC 631.541-183.547-32
FINE PURIFICATION OF WASTE WATER FROM BREWERY
Torosyan G. H.
doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of General Chemistry and Chemical Technologies of NPUA, National polytechnic university of Armenia, Armenia, Yerevan,
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Torikyan V. K.
master degree student of the Department of General Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, specializing in Food Technologies, National polytechnic university of Armenia, Armenia, Yerevan,
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Babayab A. A.
master degree student of the Department of General Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, National polytechnic university of Armenia, specializing in Food Technologies, Armenia, Yerevan,
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Petrosyan M. Z.
candidate of technical sciences, associate professor of the Department of General Chemistry and Chemical Technologies of NPUA, National polytechnic university of Armenia, Armenia, Yerevan,
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Here is presented the results of investigations for the removal of acetic acid from wastewater from breweries after biological treatment. Adsorption purification of wastewater is proposed for the further use of water in the technological process. Pretreated, crushed pomegranate peel and activated carbon obtained on its basis were studied as adsorbents, and acetic acid was studied as adsorbate. The choice of a model molecule of acetic acid is based on the fact that along with it, a number of carboxylic acids are formed in the wastewater of breweries. On the other hand, the removal of organic acids will prevent acid corrosion of the used equipment. According to the results obtained, an inexpensive adsorbent – pro-cessed raw, dried and crushed pomegranate peel is of scientific and technical interest. This sorbent is very effective and exhibits a high adsorption capacity in relation to the removal of organic contaminants, in this case acetic acid. The adsorption activity of activated carbon obtained from the aforementioned pomegranate peel for the absorption of acetic acid from water is relatively low in comparison with the used peel. The results obtained will be of interest for the use of the proposed method in the production of beer, as well as other production sites of the breweries and other food industries.
Key words: beer, wastewater, adsorption treatment, adsorption, adsorbate, acetic acid, pomegranate, pomegranate peel, activated carbon, elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry
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UDC 544
CHARACTERISTICS OF RUTILE PHASE TiO2 NANOPARTICLES
Hajiyeva Sevinj Rafik
Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor, Baku State University, Azerbaijan, Baku,
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Gadirova Elmina Musrat
Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor, Baku State Universi-ty, Azerbaijan, Baku,
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For the first time the sorption properties of TiO2 nanoparticles with a rutile phase were investigated; TiO2 nanoparticles with a rutile phase were synthesized by the solgel method and used as adsorbents. Later the process of adsorption of 1 mgL-1phenol solution in the presence of rutile TiO2 nanoparticles was studied. The adsorption process took 2 hours at 25°C. It was found that the adsorption of phenol in the presence of the rutile TiO2 phase is incomplete. Although the rutile TiO2 phase is a very good photo catalyst it has been shown to be a weak adsorbent. In this article, a description of the adsorption of phenol with TiO2 nanoparticles is presented. The nanocrystalline rutile phase TiO2 nanoparticles were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). On the "Varian Cary 50" the course of adsorption was studied. On the basis of the curves built on the device "Varian Cary 50" it was determined that the adsorption was incomplete. At the end of the process judging by the graph we can say that the amount of phenol in the solution decreased but phenol still remained in the solution. This proves that the adsorption is incomplete. mathematical modelling of the process as logistic as well as exponential method was developed.
Key words: rutile phase, Nano-TiO2, phenol, adsorption, XRD, mathematical model.
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UDC 635.92.05:[582.971+582.711.26]:581.132
DECORATIVE LEAVES OF FLOWERING SHRUBS OF THE GENUS WEIGELA THUNB. AND THE GENUS PHILADELPHUS L. DUE TO THE DYNAMICS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF KRASNODAR
Chukuridi S. S.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar, st. Kalinina, 13
Savenko A. V.
Candidate of Biological Sciences, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar, st. Kalinina, 13
Grekova I. V.
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar, st. Kalinina, 13
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The study of physiological processes in introduced ornamental species opens up wide opportunities for the selection of garden forms. Revealing the relationship between the productive and ornamental qualities of plants and photosynthesis is a promising area of ornamental plant growing. The state of the pigment fund in the leaves of ornamental plants, especially deciduous shrubs, is one of the most important conditions for the normal functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as an indicator of the adaptation of the species to the ecological conditions of the region. The article discusses the seasonal dynamics of the content of pigments (chlorophylls α, b and carotenoids) in the leaves of plants of the genus Weigela Thunb. and the genus Philadelphus L., the ratio of pigments as an indicator of ontogenetic, age and genetic characteristics of plants, which makes it possible to assess the response of a plant organism to growing conditions, which is an indicator of species adaptation.
Key words: Weigela, Philadelphus, pigments, chlorophyll, carotenoids, photosynthesis, leaf productivity, introduction, decorative leaves, ornamental shrub.
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UDC 574.36(476)
ECOLOGICAL-PHYTOCENOTIC AND ECONOMIC APPROACHES TO THE USE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN BELARUS ON THE EXAMPLE OF BLUEBERRIES (VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS L.) AND COWBERRIES (VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAEA L.)
Buśko E. G.
Doctor of Habilitation, Professor of the Department of Environmental Medicine and Radiobiology of the Faculty of Environmental Medicine, Belarusian State University, Sakharov International State Ecological Institute, Belarus, Minsk,
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Akshevskaya E. V.
student of the Faculty of Environmental Medicine, Belarusian State University, Sakharov International State Ecological Institute, Belarus, Minsk,
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Kozorez A. O.
student of the Faculty of Environmental Medicine, Belarusian State University, Sakharov International State Ecological Institute, Belarus, Minsk,
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The largest biological reserves in the Vitebsk region of Belarus are currently established for the species of the family Ericaceae Juss. – blueberries and cowberries. The biochemical composition and properties of fruits, shoots and leaves of these plant species determine their widespread use in pharmacology and medicine. The biochemical characteristics of these species are considered, their resource potential is determined, the resource assessment of medicinal plants of the natural flora of the Vitebsk region of Belarus is carried out, the administrative regions richest in raw stocks of bilberry and cowberry are identified: Gorodoksky, Dokshitsky, Polotsky and Rossonsky. Based on the experimental data obtained in the course of the research, diagrams were constructed that reflect the quantitative indicators of blueberries and cowberries in different growing periods. An assessment was made of the restoration of the resource potential of the studied plants after their collection and harvesting in different time periods (1 year; 2 years and 4 years after).
Key words: medicinal plants, blueberry, cowberry, resources, collection and drying of raw materials, stocks and withdrawal rates, medicinal properties, application, pharmacology, medicine.
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UDC 63.631.6.02
HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KRASNODAR RESERVOIR
Teuchezh A. A.
candidate of biological sciences, associate professor, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Kalachidi K. D.
master student, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar
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In the flood protection system of the Lower Kuban, the main link is the Krasnodar reservoir, which is under the jurisdiction of the Federal Agency for Water Resources. It is located in the middle reaches of the r. Kuban, 248 km from the mouth, directly above the city of Krasnodar. Krasnodar reservoir on the r. Kuban, which controls more than 95 % of the total flow of the basin, was built in the period 1968–1975 and accepted for permanent operation in 1975. The basin of the reservoir is located on the territory of two subjects of the Russian Federation: the Republic of Adygea 87 % of the area and the Krasnodar Territory 13 % of the area on the floodplain lands of the r. Kuban from st. Voronezh to Krasnodar. The water of the reservoir, according to the results obtained, belongs mainly to the group of weakly alkaline: the pH value varied from 6.76 (Avanport) to 8.95 (upstream, near the MAC). With an acceptable standard indicator of at least 4 mg O2/dm3, the content of dissolved oxygen during the study ranged from 3.20 (f. Vodny) to 13.00 mg/dm3 (Lenin's f.). In the studied water samples, the concentrations of biogenic substances in 2020 were mainly below the level of maximum concentration limit. The content of organic substances (BOD5 value) varied from 1.24 in a. Adamium up to 6.0 mgO2/dm3 (dumping from the girder w/n in the area of the Kazazovo berth). COD values in 2020 ranged from 2.5 (Avanport, tailwater, a. Adamiy) to 16.3 mgO2/dm3 (discharge from b/n beam near Kazazovo berth). The water quality in the Krasnodar reservoir in 2020, according to the water pollution index (WPI), calculated from the results of average annual concentrations in all observation sites, is characterized as moderately polluted and corresponded to class III. WPI changed in the observation sections from 1.72 to 2.46.
Key words: river systems, Krasnodar reservoir, hydrological characteristics, chemical properties of water, water quality.
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UDC 662.62:662.63:632.93
BIOCIDAL ACTIVITY OF OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF SPHAGNUM PEAT LOW DEGREE OF DECOMPOSITION
Naumova G. V.
doctor of technical science, professor, principal researcher scienstist of Institute of Nature Mmanagement of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarus, Minsk, F. Skariny Str, 10
Zhmakova N. A.
doctor of technical science, lead researcher scienstist of Institute of Nature Mmanagement of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarus, Minsk,
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Makarova N. L.
doctor of technical science, senior researcher scienstist of Institute of Nature Mmanagement of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarus, Minsk
Ovchinnikova T. F.
doctor of technical science, senior researcher scienstist of Institute of Nature Mmanagement of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarus, Minsk
Prishchepa J. A.
doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarus, u. s. Priluki, Minsk region
Zherdetskaya T. N.
doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarus, u .s. Priluki, Minsk region
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The Institute of Nature Management has developed a humic preparation produced by oxidative decomposition of sphagnum peat, which exhibits fungicidal and bactericidal properties. The biocidal properties of the preparation are related to the presence in its composition of natural phenolic compounds of different classes: flavonols, catechins, phenolcarboxylic acids as well as oxidation products of humic substances and lignin. The fungicidal and bactericidal activity of peat oxide under laboratory conditions was studied. In experiments on pure cultures of pathogens, inhibition of growth of Fusarium oxysporum colonies was 83,6 % and that of Ervinia caratavora bacterial culture was 53,1 %. In production tests in greenhouses on cucumber and tomato crops, high efficacy of the drug against root rot and stem ascochytosis of cucumber and tomato bacterioses was revealed. Its positive effect on the growth processes of vegetative plants was also noted, which contributed to the increase of tomato fruit yield by 7–8 % compared to the control.
Key words: sphagnum peat, oxidation products, phenolic compounds, bactericidal and fungicidal activity, yield.
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