THE NORTH CAUCASUS ECOLOGICAL HERALD
Extract from the Register of the Mass Media PI No. FS 77-82390 dated December 8, 2021
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Scientific and Theoretical Journal
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2024, Vol. 20, № 1
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Founded in 2005
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Published quarterly
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C O N T E N T S
General ecology
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE TENDENCY OF POLYMER MATERIALS TO FORM MICROPLASTICS UNDER MECHANICAL EFFECT
Lukin A. A.
PhD (Technical Sciences), Associate Professor, South Ural State University (NRU), Russia, Chelyabinsk; Dagestan State Agrarian University named after M. M. Dzhambulatov, Russia, Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala,
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The presence of microplastics in the environment poses potential health risks. Many articles have been published on the spread of microplastics in various locations around the world, but only limited information is available on possible mitigation options. This article presents a method for calculating the propensity of polymers to form microplastics based on their mechanical and physical properties. Propensity to form microplastics (PMP), which relates microplastic formation to polymer properties, is determined for both impact and wear polymers by the theoretical particle size and the energy required to form those particles. PMPs correlate with the corresponding levels of microplastics in the environment: the higher the PMP, the more microplastics are found in the environment. Thus, PMP can be used as a basis for selecting or modifying polymers to reduce microplastic formation.
Key words: microplastic, plastic, mathematical model, mechanical effect, deformation, wear, impact.
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INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHATES AND WHITE PHOSPHORUS ON ACIDITY OF CULTURE MEDIUM
Mindubaev A. Z.
PhD (Chemical Sciences), Master's student, Kazan National Research Technological University, Rus-sia, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan,
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Babynin E. V.
Ph.D. (Biol. Sciences), Associate Professor, Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Federal Research Center of the Kazakh Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, Re-public of Tatarstan, Kazan,
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The ability of biota to exist in the presence of a substance such as white phosphorus is in itself amazing. Even if we are talking about such a viable organism as black aspergillus. But white phosphorus is not only extremely toxic. Cultivation of microorganisms on it as the only source of a biogenic element eliminates the possibility of introducing phosphates into the culture medium. And they play a critical role as acid-base buffer systems that stabilize pH values in an area favorable for growth. This problem has to be faced when studying the biodegrada-tion of any substance containing phosphorus in its composition. This phenomenon aggravates the toxic effects of white phosphorus and a number of compounds of this element. Therefore, the presented study is devoted to comparing the pH values of media with white phosphorus and a mixture of hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, a classic source of phosphorus. Moreover, both freshly prepared media and those after cultivating Aspergillus niger for a week were compared. It turned out that the choice of phosphorus source does affect the pH of the environment - a medium with white phosphorus always has a higher acidity. But the differ-ences cannot be called sharp. It is likely that the toxic properties of white phosphorus have a stronger effect on the vital activity of Aspergillus than the pH values of the culture medium.
Key words: Aspergillus niger, phosphate buffer, white phosphorus, рН.
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STUDY OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF ISOLATED FUNGAL STRAINS IN THE BIOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS
Tsegay M.K.
PhD student, Astrakhan State University named after V. N. Tatishchev, Russia, Astrakhan oblast, Astrakhan,
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Sukhenko L.T.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor Astrakhan State University named after V. N. Tatishchev, Russia, Astrakhan oblast, Astrakhan,
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Heavy metal soil contamination is a huge threat to all life forms in the ecosystem due to its negative effects and capability to disrupt environmental equilibrium. Soil is regarded as a universal sink since it contains the highest concentration of pollution from the environment. It is becoming worse as human activity produces a rising number of pollutants that regularly harm the environment and natural resources in both developed and developing countries. It is critical to develop technology that can remove hazardous heavy metal ions found in soil since these metals are extremely reactive and can accumulate in the food web, posing serious health risks to the public. The usual physical and chemical cleanup procedures now in use are ineffective and produce huge amounts of chemical waste. Finding environmentally appropriate solutions to get rid of dangerous metals has piqued the interest of many people throughout the years. As a heavy metal contamination remediation alternative, bio-remedial procedures are not only environmentally safe but also economically practical. These environmentally friendly approaches employ a variety of invertebrates, bacteria, fungi, plants, and protozoa. Native heavy metal-tolerant fungal strains are regarded as significantly more effective for bioremediation since they can grow in a variety of environmental stress conditions, including temperature and pH. Investigating the heavy metal resistance mechanisms of these species may help us comprehend their future bioremediation potential. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability and tolerance of fungal isolates to remove heavy metals, with the goal of applying the findings to decontamination systems and in situ soil improvement. For this study, three strains of the aspergillus fungi labeled as Fungi Isolate 1 (FI1), Fungi Isolate 2, (FI2), and Fungi Isolate 3 (FI3) were isolated using appropriate medium, and their ability to extract lead, cadmium, and copper in liquid media was assessed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Key words: heavy metal, bioremediation, fungal isolates, mycoremediation, ecofriendly.
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION WITH MICROPLASTICS AND MICROPLASTICS REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER
Fedotova A. Yu.
Master's student, Department of Water Supply and Water Treatment, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Izhevsk State Technical University named after M. T. Kalashnikov", Russia, Udmurt Republic, Izhevsk,
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Dyagelev M. Yu.
Ph.D. (Technical. Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of “Water Supply and Water Treatment”, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Izhevsk State Technical University named after M. T. Kalashnikov”, Russia, Udmurt Republic, Izhevsk,
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Isakov V. G.
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head, Department of “Water Supply and Water Treatment”, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Izhevsk State Technical University named after M. T. Kalashnikov”, Russia, Udmurt Republic, Izhevsk,
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Abramova A. A.
Ph.D. (Tech. Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of “Water Supply and Water Treatment”, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Izhevsk State Technical University named after M. T. Kalashnikov”, Russia, Udmurt Republic, Izhevsk,
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The article provides an analytical overview of the types of microplastics in wastewater and natural waters, as well as the possible impact of microplastics on microorganisms and ecosystems. As a result of the analytical review, the proportions of each type of plastic found as microplastics in wastewater were established: polyester (from 28 to 89%), polyethylene (from 4 to 51%), polyethylene terephthalate (from 4 to 35%) and polyamide (from 3 to 30%), as well as the frequency of detection of microplastic forms in wastewater: fibrous form - in 52.7% and fragmented form - in 28.8% of cases. It has been established that in the process of wastewater treatment, approximately 35÷59% of the total amount of microplastic can be removed on grates and sand traps/grease traps; after primary settling tanks, up to 50÷98% of microplastic is removed; in the process of biological treatment, the content of microplastic in clarified water is reduced to 0.2÷14%.
Key words: wastewater, microplastics, plastic waste, aquatic toxicology, micropollutants.
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INFLUENCE OF BASIC SOIL TILLAGE TECHNIQUES ON THE FOOD REGIME OF AGROCHENOZEM IN OATS CROPS
Kurachenko N. L.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Department of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University", Russia, Krasnoyarsk
Kolesnikov A. S.
Ph. D. (Agric. Sciences), Senior Manager, East Siberian representative office of JSC Shchelkovo Agrokhim, Russia, Krasnoyarsk
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The article presents the results of a field experiment to study the influence of basic soil cultivation techniques on the nutritional regime of agrochernozem in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe during the cultivation of oats. The research was carried out on three blocks of basic soil cultivation: 1 – moldboard tillage (autumn plowing PLN-4-35 to a depth of 20–22 cm); 2 – minimal shallow cultivation (autumn disking with a Rubin 9600KU cultivator to a depth of 10–12 cm); 3 – zero tillage (direct sowing). It was shown that moldboard plowing and minimal shallow tillage for oats created an increased supply of nitrate nitrogen to the 0–20 cm layer of agrochernozem (12 mg/kg). Under conditions of direct sowing of oats, the level of nitrate nitrogen supply on average during the study period was estimated at a low level (6 mg/kg). The methods of basic soil cultivation did not have a significant effect on the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in the oat agrocenosis. With a high supply of mobile phosphorus (50–53 mg/kg) and low exchangeable potassium (166–181 mg/kg), superficial localization of nutrients in the 0–10 cm layer was noted against the background of minimal shallow cultivation and direct sowing of oats.
Key words: agrochernozem, moldboard cultivation, minimal tillage, no-tillage, oats, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium.
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TO THE STUDY OF ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MACROMYCETES MYCOBIOTA AND LICHEN BIOTA IN MOUNTAIN-FOREST COMMUNITIES OF THE SPNA "UNIVERSITETSKY WATERFALL" (NORTH-WESTERN CAUCASUS)
Krivorotov S. B.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of the Department of Botany and General Ecology of the Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Shumkova O. A.
Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher, Research Institute of Applied and Experimental Ecology, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar
Kassanelli D. P.
Senior Lecturer of the Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Kuban State University, Russia, Krasnodar
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In the mountain ecosystems of the North-Western Caucasus, macromycete fungi play an important role in succession mechanisms, as well as lichens, which are indicators of the abiotic environment and the features of restoration (demutation) dynamics. Mycological and lichenological studies were carried out in 2018–2022. When studying mycobiota and lichen biota, the method of medium-scale detailed route geobotanical research was used. As a result of research in mountain forest communities on the territory of the protected natural monument “University Waterfall”, the species composition of the mycobiota of macromycetes and lichen biota was revealed. The taxonomic list of macromycetes includes 67 species from 18 families, two divisions and two classes. The systematic list of lichens includes 142 species from 60 genera and 28 families. An ecological-trophic analysis of the detected fungi and an ecological analysis of lichens were carried out. 14 species of macromycete fungi and 15 species of lichens are listed in the Red Book of the Krasnodar Territory, of which 12 species are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
Key words: mycobiota, lichen biota, macromycete fungi, lichens, protected areas, mountain forest communities, ecological and trophic analysis.
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NEW APPROACHES TO THE ISSUE OF CLASSIFICATION OF HONEY PLANTS AND HONEY COLLECTIONS
Samsonova I. D.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Department of Forestry, St. Petersburg State Forestry University named after. S. M. Kirov, Russia, St. Petersburg, Professor, Department of Ecology, Geography and Environmental Management, Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa,
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Plakhova A. A.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Department of Biology, Bioresources and Aquaculture, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Russia, Novosibirsk,
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The problem with new approaches to the classification of honey plants and honey collection is due to the need to develop and apply effective methods and tools that allow to accurately and reliably classify different types of honey plants and determine their contribution to honey collection. Modern works have proposed a classification of honey plants by flowering time, type of land, form of growth, type of resource. In scientific research, regional classification can also be used according to the type of pollination. In recent years, new approaches and technologies have emerged that can help improve the classification of honey plants through the use of modern molecular technologies, machine learning methods, audio signals, and systems that can automatically analyze photographs or videos of honey plants. Currently, new methods based on modern technologies are becoming increasingly popular. Scientific research recommends the use of IoT technologies, drones and video analysis, as well as remote sensing. Photographs of frames or beehives can also be used to classify honey collections. Computer vision and deep learning algorithms can analyze images and determine the quantity and quality of honey collected, bee density and other factors associated with honey harvest. Sound signals produced by bees during honey collection make it possible to identify characteristics associated with the intensity and duration of honey collection, as well as to identify anomalous or unusual honey collections. These new approaches automate and improve the honey collection classification process, providing more accurate and reliable results.
Key words: machine learning methods, audio signals, modern technologies, image analysis, IoT technologies, drones, video analysis, remote sensing.
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ADDITIONS TO MONITORING OF BIODIVERSITY AND BIOINERT COMPONENTS OF SWAMPS OF THE BRYANSK REGION
Isaev R. I.
Postgraduate student, Bryansk State University named after Acad. I. G. Petrovsky, Russia, Bryansk,
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Kuzhelev S. V.
Master's student, Bryansk State University named after Acad. I. G. Petrovsky, Russia, Bryansk
Anishchenko L. N.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Bryansk State University named after Acad. I. G. Petrovsky, Russia, Bryansk
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Seven swamp habitats were studied within the administrative boundaries of the Bryansk region to maintain an information base on bioecological and ecological-chemical monitoring in the old developed region. In the swamp sample plots, 210 species of vascular plants and 60 species of bryophytes were noted. The highest average number of species in the sample plot was found for the Petrovsky swamp, as well as the maximum value of the Simpson index; the minimum indicators of α- and β-diversity are for the Semenovsky swamp. The swamp isolated terrains Semyonovskoe, Oboleshevo, and Petrovskoe perform the most environment-forming functions. In the Petrovskoye and Oboleshevo swamps, 5 species of the regional Red Book are noted. For the soils of the 7 studied swamps, indicators of the specific activity of radionuclides and gross concentrations of elements of the heavy metal group were revealed. The specific activity of the dose-forming radionuclide 137Cs does not exceed standard values, as do the concentrations of heavy metals. Vertical migration of 137Cs along the soil profile was revealed; no accumulation of transboundary pollutants by peats was noted.
Key words: swamp habitats, ecomonitoring, biodiversity, physical and chemical indicators, peat, Bryansk region.
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INVASIVE DANGER OF REYNOUTRIA SPECIES AND METHODS FOR ITS ERADICATION IN BELARUS AND CLIMATICALLY SIMILAR REGIONS
Bakei S. K.
Master's Degree student, Researcher, Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Republic of Belarus, Minsk,
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. ORCID: 0000–0002–9704–9403
Motyl M. M.
Ph.D. (Biol. Sciences), Leading Researcher, Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Republic of Belarus, Minsk,
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. ORCID: 0000–0002–6126–0709
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Anthropogenic transformations of ecosystems and climate changes have an impact on biodiversity, in particular, they contribute to the expansion of the ranges of heat-loving introduced species. The introduction of alien plants leads to disruption of natural ecosystems. The article provides an analysis of the invasive situation that has developed in the regions of Belarus due to the widespread use of plants of the Reynoutria genus (Polygonaceae) in landscaping. A record of invasions and a survey of phytocenoses were carried out in 6 regions of Belarus on the territory of 1411 settlements, including green spaces in Minsk. The habitats of the most dangerous species of Reynoutria japonica and Reynoutria bohemica have been established. To assess the species similarity and ecological parameters of populations, we used the Jaccard similarity coefficient and the Didukh scale, as well as the methodological instructions of V. I. Vasilevich using the Cole formula. Since 2008, in Belarus, Reynoutria has been included in the list of plants prohibited for introduction and landscaping. However, in addition to vegetative motility, the species is capable of spreading by seeds, so the use of herbicides is not always effective. Based on a series of experiments on the eradication of Reynoutria japonica and the most aggressive hybrid form of Reynoutria bohemica, a method for eradicating local coenopopulations was developed using a dismembered-constructive method in several stages, taking into account the key moments of plant ontogenesis.
Key words: reynoutria, invasion, herbicide, climate, method.
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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS EXOCHORDA LINDL. (ROSACEAE) UNDER CONDITIONS OF INTRODUCTION
Chukuridi S. S.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Grekova I. V.
Ph. D. (Agric. Sciences), Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Knyazeva T. V.
Ph. D. (Agric. Sciences), Associate Professor, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar,
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The study of morphophysiological characteristics is relevant for assessing plant adaptation. The paper presents the results of an introduction study of species of the genus Exochorda Lindl. collections of the botanical garden named after I. S. Kosenko (Krasnodar). Data are presented on 4 types of Exochorda, which differed in crown architectonics, timing and duration of flowering. We studied the dynamics of various growth parameters and their relationships during the vegetation cycle of development of the studied plants. The shoot-forming ability is described: determined the biomass and dry mass of the shoots, their growth rate, generative development. The dynamics of the formation of the leaf apparatus was studied: the number and area of leaves were determined. Detailed data on changes in various parameters of vegetation growth and development of plants of the genus Exochorda Lindl. and their correlations in the literature are insufficient. Almost no attention was paid to the patterns manifested in the dynamics of these processes. The chronological sequence of intensification of morphophysiological processes has been established.
Key words: Exochorda, introduction, growth, biomass, leaf area, adaptation.
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AGROBIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TULIP VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE KUBGAU BOTANICAL GARDEN
Brovkina T. Ya.
Ph. D. (Agric. Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Plant Growing, Kuban State Agrarian University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Fomenko T. V.
Senior Lecturer, Department of Plant Growing, Kuban State Agrarian University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Tulips are an indispensable crop for creating spring flower beds. Modern varieties of tulips belong to the complex type of hybrid garden tulip. The paper examines the economically valuable qualities of 7 varieties of hybrid tulip, most often used in the formation of ornamental plantings, as well as the possibility of their use in landscaping. A comparative assessment of the studied varieties was carried out based on phenology, morphological characters and reproductive ability. The most promising tulip varieties in terms of decorativeness and the varieties with the longest flowering duration have been identified. An analysis of the yield structure of the most productive bulbs is given by determining the multiplication coefficient and the percentage of yield of bulbs of different types. The research was carried out in the botanical garden of the Kuban State Agrarian University for the central zone of the Krasnodar region.
Key words: tulip varieties, classes of varieties according to the International Classification, decorative effect, bulb yield, examination, reproduction rate, flower height, flower diameter.
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BETONICA OFFICINALIS L. IN THE SUBZONE OF CONIFEROUS-BROADLEAVED FORESTS OF THE KIROV REGION
Egorova N. Yu.
Ph.D. (Biol. Sciences), Senior Researcher, Department of Ecology and Plant Resource Science, All-Russian Research Institute of Hunting and Animal Farming named after Professor B. M. Zhitkov, Russia, Kirov; Associate Professor, Department of Ecology and Zoology, Vyatka State Agrotechnological University, Russia, Kirov Region, Kirov,
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Suleymanova V. N.
Ph.D. (Biol. Sciences), Senior Researcher, Department of Ecology and Plant Resource Science, All-Russian Research Institute of Hunting and Animal Farming named after Professor B. M. Zhitkov, Russia, Kirov; Associate Professor, Department of Ecology and Zoology, Vyatka State Agrotechnological University, Russia, Kirov Region, Kirov,
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The results of studying the biology of Betonica officinalis L. are presented, according to the ontogenetic composition and main demographic indicators within the subzone of coniferous-deciduous forests of the Kirov region. In the composition of the communities under consideration with B. officinalis, vascular plants belonging to 6 ecological-coenotic groups were noted. Meadow and meadow-edge species are most widely represented in the studied habitats with B. officinalis - from 71.4 to 83.3%. B. officinalis is a mesoxerophyte, recorded in habitats with a moisture type ranging from dry to moderately moist. Plant communities with B. officinalis are represented mainly by oligo-meso-hemerobic species - up to 77.0%. Anthropophobic species dominate: from 71.0 to 87.5%. The share of anthropotolerant species varies from 12.5 to 29.0%. The studied coenopopulations of B. officinalis are normal and incomplete. The population structure is dominated by individuals of the pregenerative group; their share can account for up to 88.7% of all individuals. In most coenopopulations, a left-sided type of spectrum was identified, which is formed under conditions of moderate moisture.
Key words: Betonica officinalis, cenopopulation, rare species, Kirov region, hemerobium, ecological-coenotic groups, demographic indicators.
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LONG-YEAR DYNAMICS OF PRODUCTIVITY OF NON-WOOD PLANT RESOURCES AND ITS ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Gaivoronskaya A. A.
Postgraduate student, Bryansk State University named after Academician I. G. Petrovsky, Russia, Bryansk,
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Anishchenko L. N.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Bryansk State University named after Academician I. G. Petrovsky, Russia, Bryansk
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The paper presents the results of many years of research into the productivity of non-timber plant resources at model monitoring sites. The productivity of macromycetes in the forests of the Dubrovsky district of the Bryansk region was studied, and the ratio of fungal biomass to forest area was substantiated. The dependence of fluctuations in the biomass of macromycetes and the most productive species of basidiomycetes was revealed. Data are presented for monitoring the yield of Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and Fragaria vesca L. on model forest plots of the Dubrovsky district, and the ratio of the biomass of each type of berry to forest sample plots was determined. The most productive forest areas have been identified. The total reserves of raw materials in the study area were calculated, and the biological diversity of the area was assessed. The productivity values of some community components have been established for the purposes of long-term biomonitoring studies.
Key words: forest, plant resources, macromycetes, productivity, biomass of mushrooms and berries, climatic conditions.
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ON RENEWAL FELLING IN THE ARKHANGELSK REGION
Surina E. A.
Ph. D. (Agric. Sciences), Northern Research Institute of Forestry, Russia, Arkhangelsk
Minin N. S.
Ph. D. (Agric. Sciences), Northern Research Institute of Forestry, Russia, Arkhangelsk
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A study of the impact of renewal felling on forests growing in the Pomorsky district forestry of the Arkhangelsk forestry in sections 25 and 28 of quarter 101 was carried out for the first time. The objects of study are forest stands that have undergone renewal felling more than 10–15 years ago. The purpose of renewal felling in mature and overmature spruce forests is to rejuvenate the age structure of the tree stand, form a long-lasting and sustainable plantation, preserve and strengthen the water-protection functions of the forest, and improve sanitary conditions. Moreover, the higher the intensity of felling, the greater the growing stock left, the better the soil and ground conditions, the greater the value of the total additional growth and the better the silvicultural effect of this type of cutting compared to clear cutting. The obtained research results will serve as a scientific basis for improving the structure of forests in the European North, increasing their productivity, biosphere role and profitability of the forest sector of the economy.
Key words: renewal felling, biodiversity, parameters, tree stand, forest, forestry.
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GRAFTS OF KOREAN PINE (PINUS KORAIENSIS SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) IN FOREST-STEPPE CONDITIONS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE VORONEZH REGION
Levin S.V.
Researcher, All-Russian Research Institute of Forest Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Russia, Voronezh,
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Despite its many-sided economic and aesthetic values, Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) in comparison with Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour.) has a limited distribution in Russia outside its natural range. This is explained by its more complex biology, which has developed under the conditions of a unique climate in its natural habitat. Purpose of the work is to summarize many years of experience in growing P. koraiensis by interspecific grafting in the Voronezh region. As a comparison, climatic factors of the growth conditions of P. koraiensis within the range and variants of its introduction in the forest zone of the European part of the country and the forest-steppe zone (Central Black Earth region) were analyzed. Differences are observed between the conditions of its habitat and those upon introduction into the forest-steppe zone only in terms of the hydrothermal coefficient. As a result of studies conducted to identify factors influencing the growth and development of grafting of P. koraiensis on P. sibirica, it should be noted that there is a linear correlation, not expressed by month, with coefficients of more than 0.5 between the indicators of average graft growth and deviations from the monthly average values temperatures and amount of precipitation, suggesting that the reason for this in the processes that provide the rootstock-scion combination should be looked for. Conducted studies related to the removal of the Banks pine rootstock (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) make it possible to note that the removal of rootstock branches, especially with the intensive development of the P. koraiensis scion and its late absolute pruning (4 years after grafting), leads to death of grafted seedlings 1 year after pruning (43.2%). The absence of trees with signs of scion inhibition under conditions of introduction of both species allows us to conclude that the method of grafting components is even more effective on the periphery of their habitats.
Key words: Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.), Pinus sibirica Du Tour.), grafting, scion, height gain, climatic factors.
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PROPOSALS FOR FOREST RESTORATION MANAGEMENT WHEN CONDUCTING FORESTRY IN A MARKET ECONOMY
Panait N.M.
Ph.D. (Agric. Sciences), Leading Researcher, NIIGORLESEKOL”, Russia, Sochi
Skripnik I. A.
Ph.D. (Agric. Sciences), Deputy Scientific Director, SAFARIPARK LLC, Russia, Gelendzhik
Nikiforov D. N.
Researcher, SAFARIPARK LLC, Russia, Gelendzhik,
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The paper examines the main problems in the management of reforestation associated with its low effectiveness. Among them are the main ones: lack of definition of silvicultural and time frames for reforestation; using the means to achieve them as production goals; non-addressable write-off of costs for technological operations without attributing and accumulating them for specific objects, taking into account the time frame of reforestation; lack of effective technological control and the procedure for delivery and acceptance of reforestation projects completed by production. To build a production and economic scheme for reforestation and its optimization, the following issues have been worked out: rules for managing reforestation by forestry management bodies; the procedure for technological control and acceptance of reforestation work from contractors; structure of reforestation management in forestry. The result of the restoration process is stable young trees of the main species of the 1st age class, corresponding to the standards and area. The most adequate form of managing the reproduction of young animals is a system of ordering and contracting based on state entrepreneurship using “Independent Economic Calculation”. To distribute orders among contractors for carrying out reforestation activities at territorial forestry departments, it is proposed to introduce an additional unit - a single customer service. As state contracting organizations, along with other performers, it is proposed to organize production branches that will serve forestry enterprises or groups of forestry enterprises on the basis of a contract agreement using design and estimate documentation for each site.
Key words: reforestation, management rules, control technology, management structure.
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IMPACT OF WATER INTAKE FOR GARDEN DRIP IRRIGATION ON WATER BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES (RODNIKOVSKY CANAL, BASIN OF KUBAN RIVER)
Abramchuk A. V.
Ph. D. (Agric. Sciences), Associate Professor, Head, Department of Aquatic Bioresources and Aquaculture, Kuban State University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Moskul G. A.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Department of Aquatic Bioresources and Aquaculture, Kuban State University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Pashinova N. G.
Ph. D. (Biol. Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Aquatic Bioresources and Aquaculture, Kuban State University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Bukareva O. V.
Ph. D. (Biol. Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Aquatic Bioresources and Aquaculture, Kuban State University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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The hydrological regime of the water body Rodnikovsky Canal of the Kuban River basin is described, and its hydrobiological, ichthyological and fishery characteristics are given. The nature of the impact of water intake on aquatic ecosystems has been determined. The amount of damage caused to aquatic biological resources depends on the state of aquatic biological resources, their habitat and the magnitude of the damage components: damage from the death of aquatic biological resources (except for feed organisms), from the loss of natural growth of aquatic biological resources as a result of the death of feed organisms (phyto-, zooplankton) ensuring the vital activity of hydrobionts. Damage is calculated according to generally accepted methods in physical terms (kilograms, tons). The annual damage to aquatic biological resources of the Rodnikovsky Canal during the implementation of the planned economic activity will amount to 576.923 kg in physical terms. It is advisable to carry out measures to restore (compensate) for losses of aquatic biological resources of water bodies of the Azov-Black Sea fishery basin through artificial reproduction and release of juvenile fish into the Kuban River and its tributaries. To receive a commercial return, it is necessary to carry out the release of one of the presented fish species as a compensatory measure: 6411 juvenile Russian sturgeons (return rate 0.6%, adult weight 15 kg); 13869 juvenile carps (industrial return coefficient 1.6%, adult weight 2.6 kg); 2565 juvenile silver carps (production-gate coefficient 5.0%, adult weight 4.5 kg).
Key words: water intake, damage, Rodnikovsky Canal, aquatic biological resources, ichthyofauna, food supply.
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ENSURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF BINARY CROPS INTO CROP ROTATIONS OF THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEM REGION
Vysotskaya E. A.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Voronezh State Agrarian University named after. Emperor Peter I, Russia, Voronezh,
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Romantsov R. Ye.
Voronezh State Agrarian University named after. Emperor Peter I, Russia, Voronezh,
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The stability of any agroecosystem is largely determined not only by the characteristics of the soil component, its formation and evolution, but also by the method of conducting agricultural production, the introduction of biological methods and methods for increasing agricultural productivity and maintaining the stability of the soil component. The article discusses a model for the introduction of binary crops using a perennial legume - Galega orientalis Lam.) as a companion crop when cultivating sunflower. A significant increase in soil fertility was revealed due to the stabilization of the humus state of typical chernozem, as well as an increase in the proportion of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in binary crops with a perennial legume crop compared to the sunflower monoculture. When using binary crops, soil moisture is preserved due to a reduction in physical evaporation from the soil surface. As a result, there is an increase in the productivity of the agroecosystem due to an increase in the yield of the main crop, as well as the receipt of a nutritious grass mixture after early haying of a perennial legume Galega orientalis.
Key words: binary crops, monoculture, Galega orientalis, sunflower, agrocenosis, soil component, main crop yield.
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ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL FEATURES OF SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF PRODUCTIVITY OF ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE BIOCOENOSES IN THE VORONEZH REGION
Kulikov Yu. A.
Analyst, InfoBiS LLC, Russia, Voronezh,
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Vysotskaya E. A.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Voronezh State Agrarian University named after. Emperor Peter I, Russia, Voronezh,
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The productivity of economically valuable biocenoses depends on the dynamics of development and formation of the mass of above-ground parts of natural plant species and determines the methods or timing of their agricultural use. The purpose of the study was to determine the nature of seasonal changes in the above-ground phytomass of a section of territory under a meadow biocenosis used as hayfield. The object of the study was a section of a floodplain meadow located on the right bank of the Malaya Elan River, Ternovsky district, Voronezh region. The research method used was the analysis of maps of the NDVI vegetation index, obtained as a result of processing multispectral satellite images. The source of the satellite images was the Sentinel-2 spacecraft. Work with spatial data and their interpretation was carried out in the AgroSignal and Quantum GIS software. During the study, between April and October 2022 and 2023. 84 multispectral images of the study area were obtained and analyzed, on the basis of which the NDVI index was calculated, followed by the construction of vegetation index maps and the calculation of weighted average values for the area of the site for each individual image. Based on the analysis of vegetation index maps, the spatial unevenness of the distribution of above-ground phytomass in the initial periods of the growing season was revealed, as well as its relationship with the weighted average value of the index. The moments of reaching peak seasonal levels of biomass, which occurred in the first ten days of June in both years of the study, were identified. The maximum biomass in 2022 occurred on June 04 with NDVI = 0.71. In 2023, the maximum biomass level was observed on June 2, at NDVI = 0.80. The nature of the post-mowing dynamics of the growing season and its relationship with the meteorological conditions of the observation period are analyzed. The information obtained as a result of this study suggests the possibility of developing methods for predicting the absolute values of the amount of economically valuable biomass during different periods of the growing season to ensure the rational use of the biological resource of meadow biocenoses.
Key words: biological resource of biocenoses, productivity dynamics of meadow biocenoses, remote monitoring, vegetation indices.
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AGROECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF MODERN AGRICULTURE IN THE ARID ZONE BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE VOLGOGRAD REGION
Belyakov A. M.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology, Integrated Reclamation and Protective Forestry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, Volgograd,
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Belenkov A. I.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Federal Scientific Center for Forage Production and Agroecology named after V. R. Williams, Russia, Moscow region, Lobnya,
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The steppe regions of southern Russia, including the Volgograd region, began to be developed most intensively in the 18th century, however, the limiting factor in the development of agriculture, in particular ecological farming, was the weakness of the development of productive forces, which are fully dependent on proper scientific support. Currently, the material, technical and technological equipment of agricultural producers has changed significantly, which undoubtedly led to the intensification of agricultural production and, consequently, an increased anthropogenic load on the agricultural landscape and the natural environment. Under these conditions, the requirements for scientific support of the agricultural sector of the economy, the relevance of environmental-economic research and agro-ecological analysis of the development of agriculture, taking into account zonal characteristics, are increasing. Modern agriculture, which is basically intensive, is distinguished by the use of powerful technogenic resources in production in the form of a system of machines, fertilizers, chemicals, when vast territories are involved in turnover, including with excessive plowing of land, a large number of nutrition elements are alienated with the harvest and all this puts a strain on agroforestry landscapes. The consequences of this are expressed in dehumification, pollution, soil compaction, water and environmental pollution, disruption of existing balances in the ecosystem, waterlogging of territories, and a decrease in yields and product quality. An agroecological analysis of the development of agriculture in the arid zone using the example of the Volgograd region shows and confirms that the intensity of land resource use has increased significantly, which negatively affects the agricultural landscapes of the southern provinces of the Russian Federation. A promising way out of the current situation is in scientifically based approaches to the development and implementation of adaptive agricultural technologies and in the use of the principles of an adaptive landscape approach in agriculture in order to achieve an ecological and economic balance in the use of natural resources. The presented research results indicate and confirm the conclusions about the trends in the development of agriculture in the arid zone and make it possible to timely develop a system of measures to stabilize soil fertility, level out erosion and degradation processes in agricultural landscapes and ensure consistently high yields while preserving the environment.
Key words: agroecology, agricultural landscapes, droughts, tillage, agricultural technologies, farming, farming systems, cropping structure, gross yields, grain yield.
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BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES FOR INCREASING ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN THE STEPPE ZONE OF THE SOUTH URAL
Kaipov Ya. Z.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor, Chief Researcher, Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, Bashkortostan, Ufa,
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The deterioration of the quality of agricultural land contributes to the overall increase in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The solution is to prevent the loss and reproduction of humus in soils. This will lead to an increase in carbon sequestration in agroecosystems and a decrease in the release of carbon dioxide into the environment. The goal of our research is to analyze the humus status in the soils of the region and develop soil-protective farming technology. In the period from 1971 to 1991, the humus content in ordinary chernozem decreased by 12%. Then the humus status in the areas with the use of organic and mineral fertilizers stabilized. In a new series of studies since 2019, a continued decrease in the humus content in the same soil has been recorded, one of the reasons for which is the increase in aridity of the territory. The developed biologized crop rotations help to effectively reduce the rate of humus loss, especially with the use of organic and mineral fertilizers.
Key words: greenhouse gas, humus, ordinary chernozem, grain-fallow and biologized crop rotations.
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ASSESSMENT OF STATUS AND TRENDS IN USE OF HYDROMINERAL RESOURCES OF THE REGION CAUCASIAN MINERAL WATERS
Smagin R. Ye.
Ph.D. (Geogr. Sciences), St. Petersburg State University, Russia, St. Petersburg,
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Suprunenko V. L.
Expert of the Public Chamber of the Stavropol Territory, Coordination Council on the development of sanatorium-resort and tourist complexes of the Stavropol Territory, Russia, Essentuki,
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Shinkarenko Ye. N.
Master's student, Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. I. Herzen, Russia, St. Petersburg,
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The article is devoted to a review of the state of the hydromineral base of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (CMW), a resort region of federal significance, where a variety of healing springs are concentrated in a relatively small area. The CMW is a unique region in terms of its wealth of mineral water deposits, the use of which is the basis for the development of medical treatment. In the rational development of natural resources, the central place is occupied by the assessment of reserves of the hydro-mineral base. Licenses for the use of subsoil natural medicinal resources were issued to 19 legal entities. Work to assess the resource potential of the resource waters of the CMW region was carried out in the mid-2000s. Forecast prospects for a flow rate of 110 thousand m3/day were associated with undeveloped areas and stable hydrogeological conditions and anthropogenic load, which did not happen in reality and influenced a decrease in consumption standards. The areas where mineral water sources feed have turned out to be very promising for many urban planning programs and can turn into a total development zone. There are serious violations in the exploitation of the most famous deposits, a number of which have already been lost. All these facts and observed trends indicate a crisis state of the hydromineral base of the CMW. Now there is an urgent task of improving the system of state control of the state of subsoil.
Key words: hydromineral resources, subsoil use, operational reserves, monitoring system, Caucasian Mineral Waters (CMW).
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HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE KRASNODAR RESERVOIR
Teuchezh A. A.
Ph. D. (Biol. Sciences), Associate Professor, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar,
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The ecological state of the Krasnodar reservoir is considered. The characteristics of various indicators are given: organoleptic properties, chemical composition of water samples. An area near the Lenin farm was selected for chemical analyses. At this site, water samples were taken to determine the degree of contamination with heavy metals, petroleum products and nutrients. The reservoir is located within two constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea. During the operation of a hydrological structure, processes occur that lead to changes in both geological and hydrological conditions. There is an increase in the groundwater level due to additional nutrition and backup. The studied object is classified as hazard class I due to both climatic features and physical-geographical location. Depending on the hazard class, this structure has a water protection zone of 200 m. The groundwater regime currently depends on the level regime in the reservoir. All these facts confirm the need for constant monitoring of the state of water quality within the boundaries of the reservoir, as well as monitoring the entire territory. In the Krasnodar Reservoir, runoff from adjacent territories and the main tributaries that flow into the reservoir have a significant impact on the pollution of water. In the reservoir, according to long-term observations, sedimentation processes amount up to 97–98% of solid runoff. The annual sediment flow of the 5 main rivers averages 6 million m3. From the results obtained from the study of the water body, it can be concluded that the water in the reservoir is polluted.
Key words: pollution, water body, hydrological characteristics, river systems, reservoir, chemical properties of water, organoleptic indicators of water.
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FEDERAL WATER SYSTEMS BY BASIN DISTRICTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Senchukov G. A.
Ph.D. (Tech. Sciences), Leading Researcher, Russian Research Institute for Land Reclamation Problems, Russia, Novocherkassk,
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Voevodina L. A.
Ph.D. (Agric. Sciences), Senior Researcher, Russian Research Institute for Land Reclamation Problems, Russia, Novocherkassk,
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Kolganov A. V.
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher, Russian Research Institute for Land Reclamation Problems, Russia, Novocherkassk,
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In reclamation activities in most countries, a basin approach is used, which increases the efficiency of the reclamation industry, and also allows for the implementation and control of environmental functions when using water bodies. The purpose of the research was to establish quantitative indicators of the distribution of federally owned water management systems (WSS) in the context of basin districts of the Russian Federation. The analysis used data from federal institutions operating water and chemical systems, practical and theoretical research methods, in particular questionnaires, comparisons, etc., and the Excel program. The data is presented as of 01/01/2023. In the basin districts of the northern rivers, drainage systems predominate, in the southern ones irrigation systems. The largest total design capacity of reclaimed lands falls on the basin of the river Volga. In the Kuban Basin District (BD), the predominant type of water management system is rice-irrigation, which accounts for more than 40 %. A significant reduction in the actually irrigated areas compared to the design ones was revealed. A detailed examination of water management systems and hydraulic structures in the Donskoy BD showed that most hydraulic structures are characterized by wear exceeding 75% and are in need of repair and reconstruction. The results of the study can be used to predict the state and rational use of water resources in the country's reclamation complex.
Key words: basin district, water management system, reclaimed areas, departments of land reclamation and agricultural water supply, irrigation, wear, repair.
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CONTENT OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN NATURAL GRASS COVER OF FLOODLAND MEADOWS
Silaev A. L.
Ph. D. (Agric. Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science and Ecology, Bryansk State Agrarian University, Russia, Bryansk,
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Chekin G. V.
Ph. D. (Agric. Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science and Ecology, Bryansk State Agrarian University, Russia, Bryansk,
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Smolsky Ye. V.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science and Ecology, Bryansk State Agrarian University, Russia, Bryansk,
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The results of studies of the content of chemical elements in the natural grass stand of floodplain meadows of the Unecha, Iput and Besed rivers in the western part of the Bryansk region are presented. In the course of the studies, the average concentrations of chemical elements for groups of plants were determined and the features of their distribution in plants were established. We have found that economically valuable plants are characterized by a high content of manganese, and herbs are characterized by a high content of manganese and iron. A high level of accumulation of zinc, manganese and arsenic was established. It was determined that the most intense involvement of chemical elements in biogenic migration is characteristic of forbs the value of biogeochemical activity ranged from 1.243 to 4.277.
Key words: chemical elements, content, natural grass stand, accumulation coefficient.
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ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS AND ARSENIC BY PLANTS OF ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L. UNDER TECHNOGENIC LOAD
Zharkova N. N.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Ecology, Environmental Management and Biology, Omsk State Agrarian University, Russia, Omsk,
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Mamontova A. A.
Student of the Department of Ecology, Environmental Management and Biology, Omsk State Agrarian University, Russia, Omsk,
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The paper is dedicated to the study of the accumulation of heavy metals and arsenic by plants of Achillea millefolium L. growing in habitats with varying degrees of technogenic load on anthropogenically transformed soils in Omsk. In the accumulative horizon (0–10 cm) of urban soils, the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg and As was determined in medicinal plant raw materials. Sampling was carried out at 5 test sites in Omsk, with varying degrees of technogenic load. The collection of plant materials was carried out during the period of mass flowering of plants. At the same time, soil samples were taken. The content of heavy metals and arsenic was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. As a result of the studies, it was established that at two sampling points an increased content of mobile Pb was noted. The gross content of As exceeded the maximum permissible concentration at all sampling points, and an excess of Pb and Zn was also noted. According to the rating scale of the degree of chemical contamination of the soil, all sampling points fall into the “acceptable” category (Zс < 16). In the plants of Achillea millefolium, bioconcentration of Cu is observed, and according to the values of the coefficient of biological accumulation, heavy metals are arranged in descending order: Cu > Zn > Cd > Pb.
Key words: accumulation, heavy metals, arsenic, Achillea millefolium L., anthropogenically transformed soils, total indicator of soil pollution, Omsk.
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NICKEL ACCUMULATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF SISYMBRIUM LIPSKYI
Drozdova I. V.
PhD (Biol. Sci.), Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Russia, St. Petersburg,
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Kalimova I. B.
PhD (Biol. Sci.), Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Russia, St. Petersburg,
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Belyaeva A. I.
Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Russia, St. Petersburg,
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Pozhvanov G. A.
PhD (Biol. Sci.) Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Saint-Petersburg State University, Herzen State Pedagogical University, Russia, St. Petersburg,
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The use of plant accumulators of potentially toxic heavy metals in connection with technogenic environmental pollution and the search for such species is currently of great interest. Plants of the Brassicaceae family are distinguished by their ability to grow in a wide range of environmental conditions, including zones of natural geochemical anomalies and anthropogenically disturbed habitats. The purpose of this study was to study, in model experiments, the features of Ni accumulation in the roots and above-ground parts of Lipsky's bush (Sisymbri-um lipskyi N. Busch) and its phytoremediation potential. The ability of this species to accumulate Ni in fairly high quantities (up to 280 mg/kg in leaves), which persists when there is an excess of it in the substrate, has been established. The predominant accumulation of Ni in the root system characterizes S. lipskyi as a species capable of limiting its entry into above-ground organs, as evidenced by the low values of the translocation factor. This specificity of mineral metabolism, along with a relatively high resistance to Ni, allows us to consider S. lipskyi as a promising species for phytostabilization of soils contaminated with this metal; in particular, this species can be recommended for the reclamation of mining waste dumps and restoration of vegetation in areas geological exploration, etc.
Keywords: accumulation, model experiment, nickel, Sisymbrium lipskyi, phytoremediation.
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ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITION OF THE BLACK WALNUT TREE STAND IN PROTECTIVE PLANTINGS OF THE EDUCATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL FARM "KUBAN" OF THE KUBAN SAU
Kolesnikova I. P.
Ph. D. (Biol. Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Applied Ecology, Kuban State Agricultural University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Melchenko A. I.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Department of Applied Ecology, Kuban State Agricultural University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Inyukin A. F.
Ph. D. (Econ. Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Economic Activity, Kuban State Agrarian University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Zhuravel A. P.
Head, Plant Growing Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Processing Industry of the Krasnodar Territory, Russia, Krasnodar
Khmara I. V.
Ph. D. (Biol. Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Applied Ecology, Kuban State Agricultural University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Shemis M. A.
Student, Faculty of Agronomy and Ecology, Kuban State Agrarian University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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The rational use and preservation of Kuban chernozem soils, which are the property of Russia, is one of the main tasks of Kuban soil scientists. Nevertheless, soil scientists note not only a decrease in the fertility of chernozem soils, but also an increased danger of wind erosion. One of the main ways to combat wind soil erosion is to create a system of protective forest plantations. It was created most intensively in the 50–60s of the XX century. For many decades, protective plantings performed their functions of preserving soils, but over time, the condition of some of them deteriorated, and some of the forest belts almost completely disappeared. To determine the state of the system of protective forest plantings in the central agroforestry zone of the Krasnodar Territory, the most characteristic areas of forest belts were selected in the educational and experimental farm “Kuban” of the Kuban State Agrarian University, where their inventory was carried out and monitoring was organized. As a result of the study, it was established that the main and auxiliary forest belts selected for study are in fairly good condition. These forest belts include black walnut stands. An assessment of the black walnut tree stand showed that this tree species can be used as the main tree species in forest belts. The height of black walnut is in the range of 12–18 m, the trunk circumference is from 40 to 214 cm, the crown diameter is from 3 to 17 m. Preliminary data on the study of damage to black walnut by pests and diseases showed their virtual absence. An inventory and constant monitoring of protective forest plantations that are in unsatisfactory condition or have almost completely ceased to exist are necessary, which is required to develop recommendations for their restoration and reconstruction.
Key words: inventory, protective forest plantings, black walnut.
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DETERMINING AN ENVIRONMENTALLY OPTIMAL TRANSPORT MODEL
Kalsin N. A.
Master's student, Ufa University of Science and Technology, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa,
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Rezvanova I. V.
Ph. D. (Tech. Sciences), Ufa University of Science and Technology, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa
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Based on field data on the duration of traffic signal phases and distances between intersections, five traffic flow models were built. As a result of comparing the levels of pollutant emissions in winter and summer according to the Methodology for Inventorying Pollutant Emissions into the Atmosphere for Motor Transport Enterprises, the coefficients for increasing the amount of emissions in winter were determined for substances such as CO, CxHy, soot, SO2. Calculations of the amount of emissions from five models of the composition of the transport flow with different ratios of the number of buses and cars in the winter and summer periods when passing through bus route No. 51 of the city of Ufa were carried out. Graphs of the amount of pollutant emissions were constructed for various models in winter and summer, and the emission values were compared. The use of a model with the widespread use of bus transport makes it possible to reduce the amount of CO emissions by 2.5 times relative to the current model, the amount of NOx emissions by 28%, CxHy by 4.8 times, soot by 30.2%, SO2 by 3, 1 time, formaldehyde 6.9 times, benzo(a)pyrene 9.7 times. The dependence of the amount of emissions on the number of personal cars in the traffic flow has been determined. It has been established that the widespread use of public transport is difficult to apply and impractical due to social aspects. The use of personal mobility devices has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative in the summer.
Key words: motor transport, emissions, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, bus route, seasonality of emission levels.
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DETERMINATION OF HONEY QUALITY BY APIMONITORING METHOD
Moreva L. Ya.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Department of Zoology, Kuban State University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Ovchinnikova M. A.
Lecturer, Department of Zoology, Kuban State University, Russia, Krasnodar
Tretyakov E. V.
Student, Faculty of Biology, Kuban State University, Russia, Krasnodar,
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Environmental pollution has been one of the main problems of humanity for several decades. Waste from industrial enterprises, exhaust gases from cars all this enters the environment and accumulates in the bodies of animals. Honey bees (Apis mellifera), as part of biological resources, are a unique object for research in the field of environmental monitoring. The article presents the results of a study to determine the degree of pollution from transport exhausts and industrial emissions using apimonitoring. The object of the study was bees and honey from apiaries on the territory of the Botanical Garden of KSU (Krasnodar). The analysis showed that the bee performs the function of accumulating heavy metals and radionuclides, preventing the penetration of carcinogenic substances into honey and other beekeeping products.
Key words: apimonitoring, honey, honey bee, pollutants, radionuclides, heavy metals, transport.
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SPECIES DIVERSITY OF BEAUTIFULLY FLOWERING EPHEMEROIDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF QUASI-NATURAL LANDSCAPES OF KRASNODAR
Piliaeva M. A.
Master's student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Russia, Moscow,
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Shchepeleva A. S.
Associate Professor, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Russia, Moscow,
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The article analyzes the studies of species diversity of adventitious and native ephemeroid species in quasi-natural landscapes of Krasnodar. The information and analytical data obtained can be used to form further recommendations for the conservation and expansion of the species diversity of ephemeroids in urbanized areas, including rare and red-listed species.
Key words: Krasnodar, ephemeroids, species diversity, native species, adventitious species, rare species.
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