THE NORTH CAUCASUS ECOLOGICAL HERALD
Extract from the Register of the Mass Media PI No. FS 77-82390 dated December 8, 2021
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Scientific and Theoretical Journal
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2022, Vol. 18, № 4
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Founded in 2005
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Published quarterly
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C O N T E N T S
GENERAL ECOLOGY
UDC 631.4
THERMODYNAMICS OF WATER SORPTION BY SOIL CONDITIONERS-SUPERABSORBENTS
Smagin A. V.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Lonomosov Moscow State University, Russia, Moscow; Institute of Forest Science the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Russia,
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Sadovnikova N. B.
PhD (Biological Sciences), Senior Researcher, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, Moscow,
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Budnikov V. I.
PhD (Technical Sciences), Research and Design Institute "Modern Technologies" LLC, Russia, Perm,
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Kirichenko A. V.
PHD (Biological Sciences), Researcher, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, Mos-cow,
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On the basis of a thermodynamic approach, the absorption of water from the air by composite gel-forming soil conditioners for agriculture and urban landscaping is studied depending on water activity and temperature conditions. A simple and generally accessible method of sequential thermo-desorption of water has been proposed for the quantitative assessment of water sorption, surface energy and dispersity of soil conditioners. The method is based on the fundamental thermodynamic dependence of the activity (potential) of water on the drying temperature of the material in a laboratory (thermodynamic tank) with constant relative humidity. The studied materials are able to absorb water from the air in an amount exceeding 100% of their dry mass. However, such water has too high binding energy with the material (water potential is more than 100 kJ/kg), which casts doubt on the effectiveness of technologies for obtaining water from air using synthetic composites. A strong change in the weight of materials under the natural dynamics of air humidity must be taken into account in the technological calculation of the rates of the use of new soil conditioners and in trade transactions in order to avoid unfair deliveries with partial replacement of the commercial weight of polymers by adsorbed water.
Keywords: soil conditioners, equilibrium thermodynamics, water sorption, thermodynamic potential of water, specific surface area, surface energy, stability of gel structures, commercial weight of the material.
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UDC 631.82:519.8
DIGITAL APPROXIMATE MODEL FOR ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION
Tsylina K. S.
Bachelor, 3rd year, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar,
Tyupakov K. E.
Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar
Griguletsky V. G.
Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar
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The article presents a brief analysis of well-known methods for assessing the economic efficiency of fertilizer use (E. A. Mitscherlich, A. Demolon, T. I. Ivanova, etc.). Taking into account the fundamental results of D. A. Sabinin and E. A. Mitscherlich, a new dependence was obtained determining the productivity of agricultural crops and used to define the income from the use of various fertilizers in crop rotation. The article presents calculation criteria that show a good correspondence between the actual and calculated values of "net income" when using different fertilizers; in particular, the net income (fact) from 1 hectare of crop rotation area for the first rotation on clover crops (data from T. I. Ivanova) differs from the calculated value of net income by not more than 1.5%; the new technique allows finding the “income growth rate”, “income growth constant”, etc., which is important for practice.
Key words: fertilizers, yield, model, growth curve, economic efficiency, income, income growth rate.
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APPLIED ECOLOGY
UDC 579.695; 546.85; 502.55; 661.63
BIODEGRADATION OF WOOD WORKING WASTE BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER AM1
Mindubaev A. Z.
PhD (Chemical Sciences), Master's student, Kazan National Research Technological University, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan,
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Babynin E. V.
PhD (Biological Sciences), Associate Professor, Tatar Research Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science – Subdivision of the Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences”, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan,
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Timofeeva S. S.
PhD (Chemical Sciences), Associate Professor, Kazan State Power Engineering University, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan,
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The
Aspergillus niger AM1 strain has been under study for eight years. Over this period, a rich material on this particular culture has been gathered: fungus morphology, preferred composition of media, kinship with other strains, molecular mechanisms of resistance to toxic effects. Primarily, however, the ability of this strain to biodegrade substances of various classes, including such an unusual object as elemental phosphorus, is being studied. The broader the spectrum of industrial waste subjected to degradation by this strain, the wider the scope of its potential application. Within the framework of a comprehensive study of this interesting microorganism, it was attempted to conduct biodegradation of waste from the wood processing industry: whole-wood sawdust and lignin sulfonate – a residue after the extraction of wood cellulose. It was discovered that lignin sulfonate undergoes degradation and serves as a source of carbon for these microorganisms. In contrast, whole coniferous wood does not undergo degradation and it inhibits the growth of A. niger. In general, the ability of A. niger AM1 to degrade substances of various classes, some of which are industrial wastes, should be noted.
Key words: lignin sulfonate, wood processing industry waste, wood, biodegradation, Aspergillus niger.
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UDC 635.21: 631.52
ON THE MUTAGENIC EFFECT OF CESIUM-137 GAMMA-RADIATION ON WHEAT
Partoev Kurbonali
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences., Professor, Institute of Botany, Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Tajikistan, Dushanbe,
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As a result of irradiation of seeds of two varieties of wheat (Krasnodarskaya-99 and Istaravshan) and one variety of barley (Chenad-345), presoaked in distilled water for 6 hours, with gamma radiation (source of gamma radiation isotope cesium-137 with an energy of 661.7 keV, irradiation time 10 h, absorbed dose 2 Gy), changes in the genetic traits of plants were established. Sowing of non-irradiated (control) and irradiated (experimental) seeds of wheat and barley was sown in early February, harvesting was carried out in early July 2021. Irradiation of seeds led to a decrease in germination for varieties: Krasnodarskaya-99 - by 25%, Istaravshan - 20 %, Chenad-345 - 16% compared with the control and delaying the emergence of wheat and barley seeds, as well as the entry of plants into the development phase by 5–10 days, a decrease in the height of wheat plants by 20.0 cm (or 31.4%), a decrease the number of grains / ear by 10.3% compared to the control ones. However, irradiation caused an increase in the mass of grains / ear, the yield of grains from the total mass of plants and the mass of 1000 grains compared with the control, respectively, by 23.7; 9.3 and 48.9% (average for wheat varieties). Irradiation of barley seeds led to an increase in stem height by 5.5 cm (or 13.1%) and a slight increase in the number of grains / ear and the yield of grains from the total biomass. Among the population of irradiated plants of the Krasnodarskaya-99 variety, one modified plant was isolated, which, unlike the original variety, has awns in the ear and other useful traits.
Keywords: wheat, barley, morphology, variety, yield, grain, irradiation, gamma radiation, caesium-137.
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UDC 621.5
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF HEAT PUMP INSTALLATIONS IN THE PROCESS OF SUGAR EXTRACTION
Stepanova E. G.
PhD (Technical Sciences), Associate Professor (Higher Attestation Commission), Kuban State Technological University (KubSTU), Russia, Krasnodar,
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Shamarov M. V.
PhD (Technical Sciences), Associate Professor (Higher Attestation Commission), Kuban State Technological University (KubSTU), Russia, Krasnodar,
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Zhlobo R. A.
Assistant, Kuban State Technological University (KubSTU), Russia, Krasnodar,
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Moidinov D. R.
Student, Kuban State Technological University (KubSTU), Russia, Krasnodar,
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Pecheritsa M. A.
Student, Kuban State Technological University (KubSTU), Russia, Krasnodar,
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Zaitsev A. S.
Postgraduate Student, Kuban State Technological University (KubSTU), Russia, Krasnodar
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The article analyzes the possibility of using energy-efficient and environmentally friendly heat pump units (HPU) in the processes of obtaining beet sugar and thereby significantly reduce the cost of organic fuel. The most energy-intensive departments and production sites are listed, among which the beet processing department occupies a central place. It uses a column diffusion apparatus (CDA) equipped with a chip scalder to extract sugar. In order to reduce the heat costs of the apparatus and improve working conditions in the indicated department, it is proposed in this paper to use a vapor-compression type HPU, in which ventilated air inside the production room, sewage and groundwater from a sugar factory can be used as sources of low-temperature heat (LTH). A scheme is proposed for a diffusion plant in which the extractant (feed and pulp water) is heated, as well as the diffusion juice returned for scalding, the heat of wastewater and heated separation air is used due to heat release from the units. To assess the energy efficiency of the use of HPU, a comparative calculation of the typical and proposed thermal schemes of the beet processing department of a typical sugar plant with a daily productivity rate of 5.0 thousand tons was made. According to the results of thermodynamic calculation, the choice of ozone-safe freon R134a was made. The comparative parameters of the CDA operation are presented and the energy efficiency of the implementation of the proposed scheme of operation of the unit with a heat pump installation is shown.
Keywords: sugar factory, beet processing department, heat pump unit, calculation, energy efficiency.
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UDC 631.416.1
DIFFERENT QUALITY OF SOIL LAYERS BY THE CONTENT OF MINERAL FORMS OF NITROGEN UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF TRANSITION TO MINIMUM PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
Belousova E. N.
PhD (Biological Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science and Agrochemis-try, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University”, Russia, Krasnoyarsk,
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Belousov A. A.
PhD (Biological Sciences), Associate Professor, Departments of Soil Science and Agrochemis-try, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University”, Russia, Krasnoyarsk,
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The purpose of the work is to compare the effect of moldboard and no-till technologies of black soil (chernozem) cultivation on the different quality of layers in terms of the content of mineral nitrogen compounds. The impact of moldboard and no-till technologies on the content of mineral nitrogen compounds and their differentiation in 0–10 and 10–20 cm layers of the black soil is considered. Analysis of the content of ammonium compounds revealed the absence of significant differentiation between soil layers on all backgrounds of the main cultivation during fallow. During the heading phase of spring wheat, statistically significant concentrations of ammonium nitrogen compounds were accumulated in the under-seed layer (10–20 cm) in comparison with the above-seed layer. During the growing season of barley, there were no regularities in the differentiation of layers according to the content of exchangeable ammonium. The heterogeneity of soil layers in terms of the level of nitrate accumulation was revealed when using flat-cut cultivators with an increase in the nitrification process in the upper 0–10 cm layer. Differences in the nitrogen-mineralizing capacity of the black soil for the above-seed and under-seed parts, during flat-cutting, testified to unequal reserves of easily mineralized nitrogen-containing compounds in the compared soil layers. A significant influence on the content of mineral nitrogen compounds in the above-seed layer was exerted by the «terms» factor. In the under-seed layer (10–20 cm), the concentration of these compounds was determined by the interaction of environmental conditions, changed by the tillage technology.
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UDC 614.77
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND HYGIENIC REGULATION OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN SOIL
Gromova I. P.
PhD (Biological Sciences), Senior Researcher, Federal Budgetary Establishment of Science «Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman» of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing, Russia, Mytischi,
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At present, the technogenic impact on the soil manifests itself in various forms (physical, chemical, biological) and is quite stable. In the soil, self-purification processes proceed much more slowly than in other habitats. Therefore, the problem of soil pollution, including pesticides, should not be underestimated, since soil, unlike atmospheric air and water, is the most real and stable indicator of anthropogenic contamination and specifically reflects the excess of the maximum permissible levels of xenobiotics content in it and their distribution. One of the main stages of soil self-purification is the microbiological transformation of nitrogen through ammonification and nitrification, as a result of which nitrogen is converted into a form assimilable for plants. The research was carried out to study the effect of the active substance of pesticides of the triazole class on the general sanitary indicator of harmfulness, which depends on the intensity of self-purification processes from the xenobiotic. The MPC criterion was used in laboratory modeling under extreme conditions. Triazoles are highly persistent in soil and belong to the 2nd hazard class. The experiments were carried out on three types of soils using pesticide rates significantly exceeding the norm for 60 days with constant comparison with the control. Non-compliance with the regulations for the use of pesticides has a negative impact on the soil microbiota and negatively affects the processes of soil cleansing, causing a dangerous accumulation of toxicants in the soil and endangering the environment and public health.
Key words: soil, soil microbiota, pesticides, triazoles, transformation of nitrogen-containing compounds, hygienic regulation, environment.
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UDC 631.52:635,61
YIELD OF WATERMELON DOSTYK-10 DEPENDING ON GROWING CONDITIONS IN THE IRRIGATED ZONE
OF THE TURKESTAN REGION
Makhmadjanov S. P.
PhD (Agricultural Sciences), Agricultural Experimental Station of Cotton and Melon Growing LLP, Republic of Kazakhstan, Atakent
Makhmadjanov D. S.
Bachelor, Agricultural Experimental Station of Cotton and Melon Growing LLP, Republic of Kazakhstan, Atakent
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Watermelon is a valuable food, fodder and raw material crop. Due to irrational land reclamation in South Kazakhstan and consequent soil salinization causing decrease in watermelon productivity, the sowing areas under this crop shrank. This article describes a new promising high-yielding watermelon variety "Dostyk-10" and provides a new varietal technology for the crop cultivation, in which the optimal sowing scheme, irrigation regime and fertilizer application are established. Of particular importance is the irrigation regime, because watermelon is a moisture-loving crop and only with abundant watering is it able to form a powerful root system. In the course of the experiment, the dynamics and nature of the growth of the root system were studied under conditions of medium salinity and groundwater depth of 1.5–2.0 m in the irrigated zone of southern Kazakhstan.
Key words: watermelon, varietal technology, productivity, root system, standing density, irrigation rates.
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UDC 631.4:631.86
HUMUS BALANCE OF LEACHED CHERNOZEM WITH THE USE OF ALCOHOL PRODUCTION WASTE
Siuris Andrei Ilie
DSc in Agric., Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection «Nicolae Dimo»; La-boratory of Agrochemistry; Republic of Moldova, Chisinau,
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Gamurar Maria Sergiu
Researcher; Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection «Nicolae Dimo»; Labor-atory of Soil Amelioration; Republic of Moldova, Chisinau
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The humus balance consists of the input of organic matter into the soil and the consumption of humus for a certain period of time or in a certain area. Together with organic matter, the content of elements is restored in the soil. Therefore, organic fertilizers are not only an important source of nutrients for plants, but also a source of humus in the soil. Soil organic matter regulates the consumption of nutri-ents, preventing unproductive losses during leaching, the formation of gaseous products, and also in-creasing the efficiency of mineral fertilizers. One of the main measures to compensate for mineralized humus in the soil is the use of organic fertilizers. To maintain a deficit-free balance of humus in the soil in the Republic of Moldova, for the first time, various organic wastes from the production of alcoholic beverages were used: wine yeast, cognac and grain stillage for fertilizer production. The study showed that these wastes have a positive effect on the content and balance of humus in the soil.
Key words: waste, organic fertilizer, wine yeast, brandy bard, grain bard, humus balance, leached chernozem.
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BIODIVERSITY AND BIORESOURCES
UDC 598.235.2
NEW NESTING SITES OF THE DALMATIAN PELICAN (Реlесanus crispus Bruch, 1832) IN THE WESTERN PRE-CAUCASUS (KRASNODAR REGION)
Lohman Yu. V.
PhD (Biological Sciences), General Director, Head of the Department of Ornithology of the Kuban Scientific Research Center "Wild Nature of the Caucasus", Russia, Krasnodar,
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Gozhko A. A.
PhD (Biological Sciences), Associate Professor, Kuban State University Branch in Slavyansk-on-Kuban, Russia, Slavyansk-on-Kuban,
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The Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus is an endangered species, quite vulnerable and in need of special attention, so information about the findings of new nesting sites is certainly of scientific interest. More than 60% of the entire breeding population of the Dalmatian pelican of the region currently nests on the islands of the Golenkaya Spit, where an increase in the number of nesting pelicans is observed, the number of which by 2020 reached 116 pairs. During the research, new breeding sites were discovered in the territory of the Western Caucasus. Two colonies are formed on vegetation floats, nesting on which is unstable and depends more on the hydrological state of the reservoir and the conditions of the year. Another colony is located on a dense substrate of a sand-shell structure on the islands of the Tsokur estuary.
Key words: Dalmarian pelican Pelecanus crispus, biotope, reproduction, abundance, new breeding sites, Western Pre-Caucasus, Krasnodar Territory.
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MONITORING OF ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
UDC 577.47:546.49.575.2
EVALUATION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION OF THE SOIL COVER IN THE MERCURY PROVINCE AIDARKEN (KYRGYZSTAN)
Imatali kyzy K.
PhD (Biological Sciences), Osh State University, Kyrgyzstan, Osh,
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Djenbaev B. M.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, professor, National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic, Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek,
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The article gives an assessment of the degree of danger of soil pollution with heavy metals (HM). In order to determine the degree of soil pollution with HMs, the technogenic concentration coefficient and the total pollution index were calculated. Envelope and quartering methods were used to select and prepare samples for analysis in accordance with state standards. Soil sample preparation was carried out in the Minotaur-2 microwave system. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil were determined on an MGA-915 atomic absorption spectrometer in the laboratory of biogeochemistry and radioecology of the Institute of Biology of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. The soils of the areas of the tailing dump, the metallurgical plant and the eastern border of the city of Aidarken are classified as extremely dangerous. The soil of the section of the lower part of the tailing dump is classified as moderately hazardous, the section of the Aidarken Pass is hazardous.
Key words: heavy metals, soil, mercury province, concentration coefficient, total pollution index.
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UDC 502.65
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF RECREATION ON NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS IN THE SURROUNDINGS OF THE RESORT CITY HORYAKHY KLYUCH
Nikiforenko Yu. Yu.
Cand. biol. Sciences, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar
Bryukhanov A. A.
Undergraduate, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russia, Krasnodar
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The report provides a preliminary assessment of the degree of recreational pressure in the vicinity of the resort town Goryachiy Klyuch, which allows organizing monitoring of natural ecosystems in order to prevent their degradation, preserve unique natural areas while simultaneously exploiting them for recreation, ecotourism and maintaining people's health. The studies were carried out in the Gorno-Pedgornaya forest recreation area on specially designated 7 sites with varying degrees of anthropogenic influence from March 2021 to September 2022. Traditional bioindication methods and a comprehensive assessment of the recreational potential of plantations were used to determine the recreational state and degree of disturbance of the experimental territories in park and forest areas and places of spontaneous recreation. According to the data obtained, it was found that the level of impact at the time of the study does not exceed critical limits, however, in order to maintain the value of recreational areas and maintain the comfort of plantings, constant monitoring and monitoring of compliance with recreational load standards is necessary. Preliminary recommendations for improving the environmental situation are given.
Key words: recreational area, anthropogenic load, compaction, road-path network, tree stand categories, fluctuating asymmetry, planting comfort coefficient, monitoring of recreation areas.
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OUTSTANDING SCIENTISTS OF RUSSIA
UDC 001.91
ACADEMICIAN A. L. YANSHIN, AN OUTSTANDING SCIENTIST AND PUBLIC CHARACTER (110th anniversary)
Ivashov P. V.
Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor, Honoured Scientist of the Russian Federation; Senior Researcher; Institute of Water and Ecological Problems FEB RAS; 680000, Russia, Khabarovsk,
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The article describes the scientific and social activities of the outstanding Soviet and Russian scientist. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences Alexander Leonidovich Yanshin, a geologist, geographer and geoecologist, one of the organizers of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Vice President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor, in connection with his 110th anniversary (1911–1999).
Key worlds: Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences A. L. Yanshin, dates of life, biography, scientific and social activities.
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The person of the day
SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC ACTIVITIES OF PROFESSOR KURBONALI PARTOEV
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